Spectrum sharing has been gaining its popular adoption as a potential solution to improve spectrum utilization in future wireless systems. Both Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) support dynamic spectrum access (DSA) as an enabling technology for spectrum sharing. To effectively realize DSA in practice, users (from both defense and commercial sectors) are required to share their (radio) operational information, which risks exposing their security, privacy, and business plan to unintended agents. Protecting users’ operating information is hence the key to DSA's success. In this paper, taking the FCC's spectrum access system (SAS) as a study case, we investigate the operational privacy issue of Incumbent Users (IUs) and honest/dishonest Secondary Users (SUs). For the case of IUs and honest SUs, we propose a privacy-preserving scheme for DSA by leveraging encryption and obfuscation methods (PSEO). To implement PSEO, we introduce an interference calculation scheme that allows users to calculate an interference budget without revealing operational information (e.g., antenna height, transmit power, location...), referred to as the blind interference calculation scheme (BICS). BICS also reduces the computing overhead of PSEO, compared with FCC's SAS by moving interference budgeting tasks to local users and calculating it in an offline manner. To further save the overhead in calculating the interference map, we introduce a quantization method and optimize the grid sizes of the terrestrial area of interest. Additionally, for the case of IUs and dishonest SUs, we propose a “punishment and forgiveness” (PF) mechanism, which draws support from SUs’ reputation scores (RSs) and reputation histories (RHs), to encourage SUs to provide truthful information. Theoretical analysis and extensive simulations show that our proposed PSEO and PF-PSEO schemes can better protect all users’ operational privacy under various privacy attacks, yielding higher spectrum utilization with less online overhead, compared with state of the art approaches.

中文翻译：

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在频谱共享系统中通过盲干扰计算保护诚实/不诚实用户的操作隐私

频谱共享作为提高未来无线系统中频谱利用率的潜在解决方案已得到广泛采用。联邦通信委员会 (FCC) 和欧洲电信标准协会 (ETSI) 都支持动态频谱接入 (DSA) 作为频谱共享的使能技术。为了在实践中有效地实现 DSA，用户（来自国防和商业部门）需要共享他们的（无线电）操作信息，这有可能将他们的安全、隐私和商业计划暴露给非故意的代理人。因此，保护​​用户的操作信息是 DSA 成功的关键。在本文中，以 FCC 的频谱接入系统 (SAS) 为研究案例，我们调查了现任用户 (IU) 和诚实/不诚实的二级用户 (SU) 的操作隐私问题。对于 IU 和诚实的 SU，我们通过利用加密和混淆方法 (PSEO) 为 DSA 提出了一种隐私保护方案。为了实现 PSEO，我们引入了一种干扰计算方案，该方案允许用户在不透露操作信息（例如，天线高度、发射功率、位置...）的情况下计算干扰预算，称为盲干扰计算方案 (BICS)。与FCC的SAS相比，BICS还通过将干扰预算任务转移到本地用户并以离线方式进行计算来降低PSEO的计算开销。为了进一步节省计算干扰图的开销，我们引入了一种量化方法并优化了感兴趣的陆地区域的网格大小。此外，对于 IU 和不诚实的 SU，我们提出了一种“惩罚和宽恕”（PF）机制，该机制得到了 SU 的声誉分数（RS）和声誉历史（RH）的支持，以鼓励 SU 提供真实的信息。理论分析和广泛的模拟表明，与最先进的方法相比，我们提出的 PSEO 和 PF-PSEO 方案可以更好地保护所有用户在各种隐私攻击下的操作隐私，以更少的在线开销产生更高的频谱利用率。