Over the past several decades, it has become increasingly clear that women have distinct cardiovascular profiles compared to men. In this review, our goal is to provide an overview of the literature regarding the influences of female sex and reproductive hormones (primarily estradiol) on mechanisms of cardiovascular control relevant to regulation of blood pressure, body temperature, and cerebral blood flow. Young women tend to have lower resting blood pressure compared with men. This sex difference is reversed at menopause, when women develop higher sympathetic nerve activity and the risk of systemic hypertension increases sharply as postmenopausal women age. Vascular responses to thermal stress, including cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction, are also affected by reproductive hormones in women, where estradiol appears to promote vasodilation and heat dissipation. The influence of reproductive hormones on cerebral blood flow and sex differences in the ability of the cerebral vasculature to increase its blood flow (cerebrovascular reactivity) are relatively new areas of investigation. Sex and hormonal influences on integrative blood flow regulation have further implications during challenges to physiological homeostasis, including exercise. We propose that increasing awareness of these sex-specific mechanisms is important for optimizing health care and promotion of wellness in women across the life span.

中文翻译：

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女性心血管综合控制：血压、体温和脑血管反应性的调节

在过去的几十年中，越来越明显的是，女性与男性相比具有明显的心血管特征。在这篇综述中，我们的目标是提供有关女性性激素和生殖激素（主要是雌二醇）对与调节血压、体温和脑血流量相关的心血管控制机制影响的文献综述。与男性相比，年轻女性的静息血压往往较低。这种性别差异在绝经期被逆转，当女性发展出更高的交感神经活动时，随着绝经后女性年龄的增长，全身性高血压的风险急剧增加。血管对热应激的反应，包括皮肤血管舒张和血管收缩，也受到女性生殖激素的影响，其中雌二醇似乎可以促进血管舒张和散热。生殖激素对脑血流量的影响以及脑血管增加血流量（脑血管反应性）能力的性别差异是相对较新的研究领域。性别和荷尔蒙对综合血流调节的影响在对生理稳态（包括运动）的挑战中具有进一步的影响。我们建议提高对这些性别特异性机制的认识对于优化医疗保健和促进女性一生的健康很重要。生殖激素对脑血流量的影响以及脑血管增加血流量（脑血管反应性）能力的性别差异是相对较新的研究领域。性别和荷尔蒙对综合血流调节的影响在对生理稳态（包括运动）的挑战中具有进一步的影响。我们建议提高对这些性别特异性机制的认识对于优化医疗保健和促进女性一生的健康很重要。生殖激素对脑血流量的影响以及脑血管增加血流量（脑血管反应性）能力的性别差异是相对较新的研究领域。性别和荷尔蒙对综合血流调节的影响在对生理稳态（包括运动）的挑战中具有进一步的影响。我们建议提高对这些性别特异性机制的认识对于优化医疗保健和促进女性一生的健康很重要。