Biological organisms are inherently complex. Although investigations of the function and design of living organisms have existed since the dawn of science, only in recent years have the tools existed to extend such studies to the nanoscale. Progress in nanomechanics of biological systems has enabled our understanding of intricate mechanical designs which nature has optimized for specific functions. This review provides an overview of the field of bionanomechanics, emphasizing the manner in which fundamental mechanical concepts are expressed in the design of a wide spectrum of biological specimens. We show that diverse species exploit common concepts to achieve desired function; a principle that extends over large scales of size and mechanical properties. The powerful techniques that enable such studies, particularly atomic force microscopy and instrumented nanoindentation, as well as common analytical approaches are given special attention.

中文翻译：

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生物材料的纳米力学–从细胞到壳

生物是天生的复杂。尽管自科学问世以来就对生物的功能和设计进行了研究，但仅在最近几年才存在将此类研究扩展到纳米级的工具。生物系统纳米力学的进步使我们对复杂的机械设计有所了解，这些机械设计已针对特定功能进行了优化。这篇综述提供了生物纳米力学领域的概述，强调了在广泛的生物样本设计中表达基本力学概念的方式。我们表明，不同的物种利用共同的概念来实现所需的功能。扩展了尺寸和机械性能的原理。开展此类研究的强大技术，