The global energy crisis and environmental pollutions caused mainly by the increased consumption of nonrenewable energy sources prompted researchers to explore alternative energy technologies that can harvest energies available in the ambient environment. Mechanical energy is the most ubiquitous ambient energy that can be captured and converted into useful electric power. Piezoelectric transduction is the prominent mechanical energy harvesting mechanism owing to its high electromechanical coupling factor and piezoelectric coefficient compared to electrostatic, electromagnetic, and triboelectric transductions. Thus, piezoelectric energy harvesting has received the utmost interest by the scientific community. Advancements of micro and nanoscale materials and manufacturing processes have enabled the fabrication of piezoelectric generators with favorable features such as enhanced electromechanical coupling factor, piezoelectric coefficient, flexibility, stretch-ability, and integrate-ability for diverse applications. Besides that, miniature devices with lesser power demand are realized in the market with technological developments in the electronics industry. Thus, it is anticipated that in near future, many electronics will be powered by piezoelectric generators. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art of piezoelectric energy harvesting. The piezoelectric energy conversion principles are delineated, and the working mechanisms and operational modes of piezoelectric generators are elucidated. Recent researches on the developments of inorganic, organic, composite, and bio-inspired natural piezoelectric materials are reviewed. The applications of piezoelectric energy harvesting at nano, micro, and mesoscale in diverse fields including transportation, structures, aerial applications, in water applications, smart systems, microfluidics, biomedicals, wearable and implantable electronics, and tissue regeneration are reviewed. The advancements, limitations, and potential improvements of the materials and applications of the piezoelectric energy harvesting technology are discussed. Briefly, this review presents the broad spectrum of piezoelectric materials for clean power supply to wireless electronics in diverse fields.

全球能源危机和主要由不可再生能源消耗增加引起的环境污染促使研究人员探索可替代能源技术，以收集周围环境中可用的能源。机械能是可以被捕获并转换为有用电能的最普遍的环境能。压电换能是最主要的机械能收集机制，因为与静电，电磁和摩擦换能相比，其机电耦合系数和压电系数高。因此，压电能量收集受到了科学界的最大关注。微米和纳米级材料以及制造工艺的进步使得压电发电机的制造具有良好的特性，例如增强了机电耦合系数，压电系数，柔韧性，可拉伸性和集成能力，可满足各种应用的需要。除此之外，随着电子工业的技术发展，在市场上实现了具有较小功率需求的微型设备。因此，预期在不久的将来，许多电子设备将由压电发电机供电。本文对压电能量收集的最新技术进行了全面的回顾。阐述了压电能量转换原理，阐明了压电发电机的工作机理和工作方式。综述了无机，有机，复合和生物启发型天然压电材料的最新研究进展。综述了纳米，微米和中尺度的压电能量收集在交通，结构，航空应用，水应用，智能系统，微流体，生物医学，可穿戴和可植入电子设备以及组织再生等各个领域的应用。讨论了压电能量收集技术的材料及其应用的发展，局限和潜在的改进。简而言之，本综述介绍了压电材料的广泛用途，这些压电材料用于在各个领域为无线电子设备提供清洁电源。综述了纳米，微米和中尺度的压电能量收集在交通，结构，航空应用，水应用，智能系统，微流体，生物医学，可穿戴和可植入电子设备以及组织再生等各个领域的应用。讨论了压电能量收集技术的材料及其应用的发展，局限和潜在的改进。简而言之，本综述介绍了压电材料的广泛用途，这些压电材料用于在各个领域为无线电子设备提供清洁电源。综述了纳米，微米和中尺度的压电能量收集在交通，结构，航空应用，水应用，智能系统，微流体，生物医学，可穿戴和可植入电子设备以及组织再生等各个领域的应用。讨论了压电能量收集技术的材料及其应用的发展，局限和潜在的改进。简而言之，本综述介绍了压电材料的广泛用途，这些压电材料用于在各个领域为无线电子设备提供清洁电源。和组织再生进行了审查。讨论了压电能量收集技术的材料及其应用的发展，局限和潜在的改进。简而言之，本综述介绍了压电材料的广泛领域，这些材料可为各个领域的无线电子设备提供清洁电源。和组织再生进行了审查。讨论了压电能量收集技术的材料及其应用的发展，局限和潜在的改进。简而言之，本综述介绍了压电材料的广泛领域，这些压电材料用于在各个领域为无线电子设备提供清洁电源。