Neutrophils are the first cells of the innate immune system that respond to infection by arriving at sites when pathogens have exceeded physical barriers. Among their response mechanisms against pathogens is the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid and antimicrobial proteins such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, antimicrobial peptides, and other proteins in neutrophil granules. The formation of extracellular traps is considered an effective strategy to capture and, in some cases, neutralize pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. However, it is also known that pathogens can respond to NETs by expressing some virulence factors, thus evading the antimicrobial effect of these structures. These include the secretion of proteins to degrade the deoxyribonucleic acid scaffold, the formation of biofilms that impede the effect of NETs, or the modification of its membrane structure to avoid interaction with NETs. In this review, we discuss these mechanisms and summarize the different pathogens that employ one or more mechanisms to evade the NET-mediated neutrophil response.

中性粒细胞是先天免疫系统中的第一批细胞，当病原体超过物理屏障时会到达位点，从而对感染作出反应。它们对病原体的响应机制包括嗜中性粒细胞胞外捕获物（NETs）的释放，该细胞由脱氧核糖核酸和抗菌蛋白（例如嗜中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶，髓过氧化物酶，抗菌肽和嗜中性粒细胞颗粒中的其他蛋白质）组成。细胞外陷阱的形成被认为是捕获并在某些情况下中和病原细菌，真菌，寄生虫或病毒的有效策略。但是，还已知病原体可以通过表达某些毒力因子来响应NET，从而逃避了这些结构的抗菌作用。其中包括分泌蛋白质以降解脱氧核糖核酸支架，阻碍NETs作用的生物膜的形成，或其膜结构的修饰，以避免与NETs相互作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了这些机制并总结了采用一种或多种机制逃避NET介导的嗜中性粒细胞应答的不同病原体。