Nitrogen dioxide exposures from LPG stoves in a cleaner-cooking intervention trial,Environment International

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Nitrogen dioxide exposures from LPG stoves in a cleaner-cooking intervention trial
Environment International ( IF 10.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-04 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106196
Josiah L Kephart ₁ , Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio ₁ , Kendra N Williams ₂ , Gary Malpartida ₃ , Alexander Lee ₄ , Kyle Steenland ₅ , Luke P Naeher ₆ , Gustavo F Gonzales ₇ , Marilu Chiang ₈ , William Checkley ₉ , Kirsten Koehler ₁₀ ,

Affiliation

Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Research Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru.
Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Laboratories of Investigation and Development, Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; High Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru.
Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Background

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves have been promoted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as a clean energy alternative to biomass burning cookstoves.

Objective

We sought to characterize kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) within a randomized controlled trial in the Peruvian Andes. The intervention included the provision of an LPG stove and continuous fuel distribution with behavioral messaging to maximize compliance.

Methods

We measured 48-hour kitchen area NO₂ concentrations at high temporal resolution in homes of 50 intervention participants and 50 control participants longitudinally within a biomass-to-LPG intervention trial. We also collected 48-hour mean personal exposures to NO₂ among a subsample of 16 intervention and 9 control participants. We monitored LPG and biomass stove use continuously throughout the trial.

Results

In 367 post-intervention 24-hour kitchen area samples of 96 participants’ homes, geometric mean (GM) highest hourly NO₂ concentration was 138 ppb (geometric standard deviation [GSD] 2.1) in the LPG intervention group and 450 ppb (GSD 3.1) in the biomass control group. Post-intervention 24-hour mean NO₂ concentrations were a GM of 43 ppb (GSD 1.7) in the intervention group and 77 ppb (GSD 2.0) in the control group. Kitchen area NO₂ concentrations exceeded the WHO indoor hourly guideline an average of 1.3 h per day among LPG intervention participants. GM 48-hour personal exposure to NO₂ was 5 ppb (GSD 2.4) among 35 48-hour samples of 16 participants in the intervention group and 16 ppb (GSD 2.3) among 21 samples of 9 participants in the control group.

Discussion

In a biomass-to-LPG intervention trial in Peru, kitchen area NO₂ concentrations were substantially lower within the LPG intervention group compared to the biomass-using control group. However, within the LPG intervention group, 69% of 24-hour kitchen area samples exceeded WHO indoor annual guidelines and 47% of samples exceeded WHO indoor hourly guidelines. Forty-eight-hour NO₂ personal exposure was below WHO indoor annual guidelines for most participants in the LPG intervention group, and we did not measure personal exposure at high temporal resolution to assess exposure to cooking-related indoor concentration peaks. Further research is warranted to understand the potential health risks of LPG-related NO₂ emissions and inform current campaigns which promote LPG as a clean-cooking option.

中文翻译：

清洁烹饪干预试验中液化石油气炉的二氧化氮暴露

背景

液化石油气 (LPG) 炉灶已在低收入和中等收入国家 (LMIC) 中推广，作为生物质燃烧炉灶的清洁能源替代品。

客观的

我们试图在秘鲁安第斯山脉的一项随机对照试验中描述厨房区域浓度和个人二氧化氮 (NO ₂ )暴露情况。干预措施包括提供液化石油气炉灶和持续的燃料分配以及行为信息，以最大限度地提高合规性。

方法

我们在生物质转化为 LPG 的干预试验中纵向测量了 50 名干预参与者和 50 名对照参与者家中48 小时厨房区域 NO ₂浓度的高时间分辨率。我们还在16 名干预和 9 名对照参与者的子样本中收集了 48 小时平均个人暴露于 NO _{2 的情况}。我们在整个试验过程中持续监测 LPG 和生物质炉的使用情况。

结果

在 96 个参与者家的 367 个干预后 24 小时厨房区域样本中，LPG 干预组的几何平均 (GM) 最高每小时 NO ₂浓度为 138 ppb（几何标准偏差 [GSD] 2.1）和 450 ppb（GSD 3.1） ) 在生物量对照组中。干预后 24 小时平均 NO ₂浓度的 GM 在干预组中为 43 ppb (GSD 1.7)，在对照组中为 77 ppb (GSD 2.0)。在液化石油气干预参与者中，厨房区域 NO ₂浓度平均每天超过 WHO 室内每小时指南 1.3 小时。GM 48 小时个人暴露于 NO ₂ 在干预组 16 名参与者的 35 个 48 小时样本中为 5 ppb (GSD 2.4)，在对照组 9 名参与者的 21 个样本中为 16 ppb (GSD 2.3)。

讨论

在秘鲁的一项生物质转化为 LPG 的干预试验中，与使用生物质的对照组相比，LPG 干预组的厨房区域 NO ₂浓度显着降低。然而，在液化石油气干预组中，69% 的 24 小时厨房区域样本超过了 WHO 室内年度指南，47% 的样本超过了 WHO 室内小时指南。四十八小时NO ₂个人暴露低于WHO的LPG干预组的大多数与会者室内年度指引，我们也没有在高时间分辨率衡量个人暴露来评估相关烹饪，室内浓度峰值。需要进一步研究以了解与液化石油气相关的 NO ₂的潜在健康风险排放，并为当前宣传液化石油气作为清洁烹饪选择的活动提供信息。

更新日期：2020-11-06

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