We interpret multi-product supply chains (SCs) as coordinated markets, casting SC optimization problems as market clearing problems that allocate resources to stakeholders and determine market prices. The market interpretation allows us to establish fundamental properties that explain how physical resources (primal variables) and associated economic values (dual variables) flow in SCs. We use duality theory to explain why incentivizing markets by forcing stakeholder participation (e.g., by imposing demand or service provision constraints) yields artificial price behavior and economic losses. To overcome these issues, we explore market incentive mechanisms that use bids. Here, we introduce a product-based representation for SCs, and show that this representation allows us to determine minimum bids that activate markets. These results provide guidelines for SC formulations that properly remunerate stakeholders and for policy that fosters market transactions. The results are illustrated using an urban waste management problem for a city of 100,000 residents.

我们将多产品供应链（SC）解释为协调的市场，将SC优化问题解释为将资源分配给利益相关者并确定市场价格的市场清理问题。市场解释使我们能够建立基本属性，这些基本属性解释物质资源（主要变量）和相关的经济价值（双重变量）在SC中的流动方式。我们使用对偶理论来解释为什么通过强迫利益相关者参与（例如，通过施加需求或服务提供约束）来激励市场会产生人为的价格行为和经济损失。为了克服这些问题，我们探索了使用出价的市场激励机制。在这里，我们介绍了SC的基于产品的表示形式，并表明该表示形式使我们能够确定激活市场的最低出价。这些结果为合理制定利益相关者薪酬的标准制定方法以及促进市场交易的政策提供了指导。使用城市垃圾管理问题对一个有10万居民的城市进行了说明。