Abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA), a tool used to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes, has been used to evaluate a range of aquaculture systems. Eighteen LCA studies were reviewed which included assessments of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), flow-through systems, net cages, and pond systems. This review considered the potential to mitigate environmental burdens with a movement from extensive to intensive aquaculture systems. Due to the diversity in study results, specific processes (feed, energy, and infrastructure) and specific impact categories (land use, water use, and eutrophication potential) were analyzed in-depth. The comparative analysis indicated there was a possible shift from local to global impacts with a progression from extensive to intensive systems, if mitigation strategies were not performed. The shift was partially due to increased electricity requirements but also varied with electricity source. The impacts from infrastructure were less than 13% of the environmental impact and considered negligible. For feed, the environmental impacts were typically more dependent on feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the type of system. Feed also contributed to over 50% of the impacts on land use, second only to energy carriers. The analysis of water use indicated intensive recirculating systems efficiently reduce water use as compared to extensive systems; however, at present, studies have only considered direct water use and future work is required that incorporates indirect and consumptive water use. Alternative aquaculture systems that can improve the total nutrient uptake and production yield per material and energy based input, thereby reducing the overall emissions per unit of feed, should be further investigated to optimize the overall of aquaculture systems, considering both global and local environmental impacts. While LCA can be a valuable tool to evaluate trade-offs in system designs, the results are often location and species specific. Therefore, it is critical to consider both of these criteria in conjunction with LCA results when developing aquaculture systems.

中文翻译：

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水产养殖系统的生命周期评估：随着生产强度的增加，是否会发生负担转移？

摘要 生命周期评估 (LCA) 是一种用于评估产品和过程对环境影响的工具，已被用于评估一系列水产养殖系统。审查了 18 项 LCA 研究，其中包括对循环水产养殖系统 (RAS)、流通系统、网箱和池塘系统的评估。该审查考虑了通过从粗放型水产养殖系统向集约型水产养殖系统的转变来减轻环境负担的潜力。由于研究结果的多样性，对特定过程（饲料、能源和基础设施）和特定影响类别（土地利用、水资源利用和富营养化潜力）进行了深入分析。比较分析表明，如果不执行缓解策略，可能会从局部影响转变为全球影响，从粗放系统向集约系统发展。这种转变部分是由于电力需求增加，但也因电源而异。基础设施的影响不到环境影响的 13%，可以忽略不计。对于饲料，环境影响通常更多地取决于饲料转化率 (FCR)，而不是系统类型。饲料对土地利用的影响也超过 50%，仅次于能源载体。用水分析表明，与粗放系统相比，集约再循环系统有效地减少了用水；然而，目前的研究只考虑了直接用水，未来的工作需要将间接用水和消耗用水结合起来。替代水产养殖系统，可以提高基于材料和能量的输入的总养分吸收和产量，从而减少每单位饲料的总排放量，应进一步研究以优化水产养殖系统的整体，同时考虑全球和当地环境影响。虽然 LCA 可以成为评估系统设计权衡的宝贵工具，但结果通常是特定于位置和物种的。因此，在开发水产养殖系统时，结合 LCA 结果考虑这两个标准至关重要。