Arthropod biological control agents are at risk due to climate change, since heat stress negatively impacts their life history traits. Here, we investigated ontogenetic variation of thermal sensitivity in an important whitefly predator, Serangium japonicum Chapin (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). In particular, we evaluated the impact of heat shock on survival rate, development, and reproduction of S. japonicum, and checked whether the negative effects resulting from heat stress are stage-related. The two most heat-tolerant stages of S. japonicum (egg and adult) were exposed to heat shock treatments at 36, 39, and 42 ºC for 2 h, and 36 and 39 ºC for 4 h. We found that heat shock significantly reduced egg-to-adult survival rate, extended egg-to-adult development time, and decreased fecundity and oviposition period compared to control (27 ºC). The sex ratio however was not affected. Eggs exposed to heat shock led to adults whose weight and longevity were considerably reduced. The detrimental effects that resulted from heat shock were carried over to later life stages and even the next generation. Those carry-over effects were independent of stage except for egg-to-adult development time and adult weight. Our results suggest that releasing eggs or adults into fields or greenhouses makes little difference in reducing any negative impact on the developmental performance of S. japonicum induced by heat stress in a warming climate.

中文翻译：

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热应激对鸡蛋和成年球藻日本血吸虫发育的影响：跨阶段和跨代效应的证据

节肢动物生物防治剂由于气候变化而处于危险之中，因为热应激对其生活史特征产生负面影响。在这里，我们研究了重要的粉虱捕食者Serangium japonicum Chapin（鞘翅目：球虫）中热敏感性的个体发生变化。特别是，我们评估了热激对日本血吸虫存活率，发育和繁殖的影响，并检查了热应激造成的负面影响是否与阶段有关。日本血吸虫的两个最耐高温阶段（蛋和成年）分别在36、39和42ºC，36和39ºC进行4 h的热激处理。我们发现，与对照组（27ºC）相比，热休克显着降低了卵到成人的存活率，延长了卵到成人的发育时间，并减少了产卵和产卵期。性别比例不受影响。受到热激的鸡蛋导致成年后体重和寿命大大降低。由热冲击引起的有害影响一直延续到以后的生命阶段，甚至延续到下一代。这些结转效应与阶段无关，除了卵到成人的发育时间和成人的体重。我们的研究结果表明，在温暖的气候下，将鸡蛋或成虫释放到田间或温室中，在减少对日本血吸虫的发育性能的任何负面影响方面几乎没有什么不同。这些结转效应与阶段无关，除了卵到成人的发育时间和成人的体重。我们的研究结果表明，在温暖的气候下，将鸡蛋或成虫释放到田间或温室中，在减少对日本血吸虫的发育性能的任何负面影响方面几乎没有什么不同。这些结转效应与阶段无关，除了卵到成人的发育时间和成人的体重。我们的研究结果表明，在温暖的气候下，将鸡蛋或成虫释放到田间或温室中，在减少对日本血吸虫的发育性能的任何负面影响方面几乎没有什么不同。