Nanovaccines constitute an innovative approach in vaccinology, enabled by the nanotechnology advances on the synthesis, functionalization and application of nanoparticles for immunization. Currently, several organic materials such as chitosan, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), nanopoliplexes and virus-like particles (VLPs) have been used for nanovaccine development to fight against fish diseases. The oral route is the most practical and economical for fish vaccination; thus, several oral vaccine candidates have been developed by using NPs in which the antigen is encapsulated, surface exposed or recombinantly ensembled (VLPs), leading to promising results in terms of protection capacity against infectious diseases. In this review, the state of the art on oral nanovaccine prototypes developed for use in fish was analysed and discussed. Oral nanovaccines have showed remarkably possibilities for application in fish aquaculture, which surely will be adopted by the industry in the following years.

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为鱼类开发口服纳米疫苗：对抗传染病的现代趋势

纳米疫苗构成了疫苗学中的一种创新方法，这得益于纳米技术在纳米颗粒的合成、功能化和免疫应用方面的进步。目前，几种有机材料，如壳聚糖、聚（乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物）、纳米聚合物和病毒样颗粒（VLP）已被用于纳米疫苗的开发以对抗鱼类疾病。口服途径是鱼类接种最实用、最经济的途径；因此，已经通过使用其中抗原被封装、表面暴露或重组集成 (VLP) 的 NPs 开发了几种口服疫苗候选物，从而在针对传染病的保护能力方面取得了有希望的结果。在这篇综述中，分析和讨论了开发用于鱼类的口服纳米疫苗原型的最新技术。