Energy sources that fuel metabolic processes in protruding finger-like organelles,The FEBS Journal

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Energy sources that fuel metabolic processes in protruding finger-like organelles
The FEBS Journal ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-03 , DOI: 10.1111/febs.15620
Pablo S Villar ₁ , Cecilia Vergara ₂ , Juan Bacigalupo ₂

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Cells possess a variety of organelles with characteristic structure and subcellular localization intimately linked to their specific function. While most are intracellular and found in virtually all eukaryotic cells, there is a small group of organelles of elongated cylindrical shapes in highly specialized cells that protrude into the extracellular space, such as cilia, flagella, and microvilli. The ATP required by intracellular organelles is amply available in the cytosol, largely generated by mitochondria. However, such is not the case for cilia and flagella, whose slender structures cannot accommodate mitochondria. These organelles consume massive amounts of ATP to carry out high energy-demanding functions, such as sensory transduction or motility. ATP from the nearest mitochondria or other reactions within the cell body is severely limited by diffusion and generally insufficient to fuel the entire length of cilia and flagella. These organelles overcome this fuel restriction by local generation of ATP, using mechanisms that vary depending on the nutrients that are available in their particular external environment. Here, we review, with emphasis in mammals, the remarkable adaptations that cilia and flagella use to fuel their metabolic needs. Additionally, we discuss how a decrease in nutrients surrounding olfactory cilia might impair olfaction in COVID-19 patients.

中文翻译：

在突出的手指状细胞器中促进代谢过程的能源

细胞具有多种细胞器，其特征结构和亚细胞定位与其特定功能密切相关。虽然大多数位于细胞内，并且几乎存在于所有真核细胞中，但在高度特化的细胞中，有一小组细长圆柱形的细胞器突出到细胞外空间，如纤毛、鞭毛和微绒毛。细胞内细胞器所需的 ATP 在细胞质中充分可用，主要由线粒体产生。然而，纤毛和鞭毛的情况并非如此，它们的细长结构无法容纳线粒体。这些细胞器消耗大量 ATP 来执行高能量需求的功能，例如感觉转导或运动。来自最近的线粒体或细胞体内其他反应的 ATP 受到扩散的严重限制，通常不足以为整个纤毛和鞭毛提供燃料。这些细胞器通过局部生成 ATP 来克服这种燃料限制，使用的机制取决于其特定外部环境中可用的营养物质。在这里，我们重点回顾了哺乳动物纤毛和鞭毛用于满足其代谢需求的显着适应性。此外，我们讨论了嗅纤毛周围营养物质的减少如何损害 COVID-19 患者的嗅觉。使用的机制因特定外部环境中可用的营养素而异。在这里，我们重点回顾了哺乳动物纤毛和鞭毛用于满足其代谢需求的显着适应性。此外，我们讨论了嗅纤毛周围营养物质的减少如何损害 COVID-19 患者的嗅觉。使用的机制因特定外部环境中可用的营养素而异。在这里，我们重点回顾了哺乳动物纤毛和鞭毛用于满足其代谢需求的显着适应性。此外，我们讨论了嗅纤毛周围营养物质的减少如何损害 COVID-19 患者的嗅觉。

更新日期：2020-11-03

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