Species in the genus Macaca typically live in multimale‐multifemale social groups with male macaques exhibiting some of the largest testis: body weight ratios among primates. Males are believed to experience intense levels of sperm competition. Several spermatogenesis genes are located on the Y‐chromosome and, interestingly, occasional hybridization between two species has led to the introgression of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) Y‐chromosome deep into the range of the long‐tailed macaque (M. fascicularis). These observations have led to the prediction that the successful introgression of the rhesus Y‐haplotype is due to functional differences in spermatogenesis genes compared to those of the native long‐tailed Y‐haplotype. We examine here four Y‐chromosomal loci—RBMY, XKRY, and two nearly identical copies of CDY—and their corresponding protein sequences. The genes were surveyed in representative animals from north of, south of, and within the rhesus x long‐tailed introgression zone. Our results show a series of non‐synonymous amino acid substitutions present between the two Y‐haplotypes. Protein structure modeling via I‐TASSER revealed different folding patterns between the two species' Y‐proteins, and functional predictions via TreeSAAP further reveal physicochemical differences as a result of non‐synonymous substitutions. These differences inform our understanding of the evolution of primate Y‐proteins involved in spermatogenesis and, in turn, have biomedical implications for human male fertility.

中文翻译：

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预测了猕猴，黏膜念珠菌及其印度支那杂种中四种与生育力有关的Y染色体蛋白的结构差异

猕猴属的物种通常生活在多雄多雌的社会群体中，雄性猕猴表现出一些最大的睾丸：灵长类动物的体重比。男性被认为会经历激烈的精子竞争。几个精子发生基因位于Y染色体上，有趣的是，两个物种之间的偶然杂交导致恒河猴（Macaca mulatta）Y染色体渗入到长尾猕猴（M. fascicularis）的深处。）。这些观察结果预测，恒河猴Y-单倍型的成功渗入是由于与天然长尾Y-单倍型相比，精子发生基因的功能差异所致。我们在这里研究四个Y染色体loci- RBMY，XKRY和两个几乎相同的副本CDY-及其相应的蛋白质序列。在恒河x长尾渐渗区域的北部，南部和以内的代表性动物中调查了这些基因。我们的结果表明，在两个Y单倍型之间存在一系列非同义的氨基酸取代。通过I-TASSER进行的蛋白质结构建模揭示了两个物种的Y-蛋白质之间的不同折叠模式，并且通过TreeSAAP进行的功能预测进一步揭示了由于非同义取代而产生的理化差异。这些差异使我们对参与精子发生的灵长类Y蛋白的进化有了更深入的了解，进而对人类男性的生育能力具有生物医学意义。