A fundamental goal of ecology is to reveal generalities in the myriad types of interactions among species, such as competition, mutualism and predation. Another goal is to explain the enormous differences in species richness among groups of organisms. Here, we show how these two goals are intertwined: we find that different types of species interactions have predictable impacts on rates of species diversification, which underlie richness patterns. On the basis of a systematic review, we show that interactions with positive fitness effects for individuals of a clade (e.g. insect pollination for plants) generally increase that clade’s diversification rates. Conversely, we find that interactions with negative fitness effects (e.g. predation for prey, competition) generally decrease diversification rates. The sampled clades incorporate all animals and land plants, encompassing 90% of all described species across life. Overall, we show that different types of local‐scale species interactions can predictably impact large‐scale patterns of diversification and richness.

中文翻译：

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物种相互作用对多样化具有可预测的影响

生态学的一个基本目标是揭示物种之间无数种相互作用的普遍性，例如竞争、共生和捕食。另一个目标是解释生物群之间物种丰富度的巨大差异。在这里，我们展示了这两个目标是如何交织在一起的：我们发现不同类型的物种相互作用对物种多样化的速率具有可预测的影响，而这正是丰富度模式的基础。在系统评价的基础上，我们表明与进化枝个体的积极适应性效应的相互作用（例如植物的昆虫授粉）通常会增加进化枝的多样化率。相反，我们发现与负面适应度效应的相互作用（例如捕食猎物、竞争）通常会降低多样化率。采样的进化枝包含所有动物和陆地植物，涵盖了整个生命中所有描述的物种的 90%。总体而言，我们表明，不同类型的局部规模物种相互作用可以预测地影响大规模的多样化和丰富度模式。