Abstract The probabilistic safety measure has been common among structural engineers. Optimum Load factors based on the minimization of total expected cost were proposed in 1991. Applications of the total cost concept were developed for occasions of safety decision making. CO2 emission can be used as an alternative scale to the monetary cost. Optimal seawall height against Tsunami was another example.

中文翻译：

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总预期成本概念在各种决策情况下的应用

摘要 概率安全措施在结构工程师中很常见。1991 年提出了基于总预期成本最小化的最佳负载系数。总成本概念的应用被开发用于安全决策的场合。CO2 排放可用作货币成本的替代尺度。抗海啸的最佳海堤高度是另一个例子。