Water is a very critical nutrient in the diet of lactating animals as it performs several functions, viz., transfer of nutrients and excretions of waste products produced during metabolism, digestion, and body temperature regulation of all living organisms. Besides growth, other parameters like milk production, reproduction, adaptive potential, and feed consumption are also influenced by water status in feed and body reserves. Water intake in dairy cows is influenced directly or indirectly by several factors; direct factors include animal-related factors such as breed, body size, physiological stage, age, health, stress, and ecological adaptations and environmental factors, viz., season of the year, environmental temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. These factors significantly influence the drinking water intake of dairy cows. Nonetheless, different managemental practices such as rearing type, feeding practices, housing, water availability, and its quality can also affect water intake indirectly. However, overall understanding of these factors affecting water intake in dairy cows could help to improve the dairy husbandry practices and subsequently health, production, and welfare of dairy cows.

中文翻译：

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影响奶牛饮水量的因素：综述

水是泌乳动物饮食中非常重要的营养素，因为它具有多种功能，即所有生物体在新陈代谢、消化和体温调节过程中产生的营养物质的转移和废物的排泄。除生长外，其他参数如产奶量、繁殖、适应性潜力和饲料消耗量也受饲料中水分状况和身体储备的影响。奶牛的饮水量受多种因素直接或间接影响；直接因素包括与动物相关的因素，如品种、体型、生理阶段、年龄、健康、压力和生态适应以及环境因素，即一年中的季节、环境温度、湿度、风速和降水。这些因素显着影响奶牛的饮水量。尽管如此，不同的管理方法，如饲养类型、饲养方法、鸡舍、可用水及其质量也会间接影响取水量。然而，全面了解影响奶牛饮水量的这些因素可能有助于改善奶牛养殖实践，进而改善奶牛的健康、生产和福利。