Automatic generation control (AGC) of multi-area interconnected power system (IPS) is often designed with negligible cross-coupling between the load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) loops. This is because the AVR loop is considerably faster than that of LFC. However, with the introduction of slow optimal control action on the AVR, positive damping effect can be achieved on the LFC loop thereby improving the frequency control. In this paper, LFC synchronized with AVR in three-area IPS is proposed. Model predictive controller (MPC) configured in a dense distributed pattern, due to its online set-point tacking is used as the supplementary controller. The dynamics of the IPS subjected to multi-area step and random load disturbances are studied. The efficacy of the developed scheme is ascertained by simulating the disturbed system in MATLAB/Simulink. Based on the comparative analysis on the system responses, it is established that by cross-coupling the LFC loop with AVR, reductions of 66.45% and 59.09% in the frequency and tie-line power maximum deviations respectively are observed, while the respective settling times are found to be reduced by 29.68% and 22.77% when compared with the uncoordinated control scheme. In addition, the standard deviation and variance of the integral time absolute error of the system’s responses have reduced by 23.21% and 20.83% respectively compared to those obtained in a similar study. The reduction in the maximum deviations and settling times in the system states indicates that introducing the voltage control via AVR loop has improved the frequency control significantly. While the lower standard deviation and variance of the integral time absolute error signify improvement in the robustness of the developed algorithm. However, this improvement is at the detriment of the controller size and computational complexity. In the uncoordinated control scheme, the control vector is one-dimensional, while in the coordinated scheme, the control vector is two-dimensional for each CA.

中文翻译：

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具有同步自动发电控制回路的互连电力系统的改进模型预测负荷频率控制

多区域互联电力系统 (IPS) 的自动发电控制 (AGC) 通常设计为负载频率控制 (LFC) 和自动电压调节 (AVR) 回路之间的交叉耦合可以忽略不计。这是因为 AVR 循环比 LFC 快得多。然而，随着对 AVR 的缓慢优化控制动作的引入，可以在 LFC 回路上实现正阻尼效果，从而改善频率控制。本文提出了三区IPS中LFC与AVR同步。以密集分布式模式配置的模型预测控制器 (MPC)，由于其在线设定点跟踪被用作辅助控制器。研究了 IPS 在多区域阶跃和随机负载扰动下的动力学。通过在 MATLAB/Simulink 中模拟受扰系统来确定所开发方案的有效性。基于对系统响应的比较分析，确定通过将 LFC 环路与 AVR 交叉耦合，观察到频率和联络线功率最大偏差分别减少了 66.45% 和 59.09%，而各自的稳定时间与非协调控制方案相比，发现减少了 29.68% 和 22.77%。此外，系统响应积分时间绝对误差的标准差和方差比同类研究分别降低了23.21%和20.83%。系统状态中最大偏差和稳定时间的减少表明通过 AVR 回路引入电压控制显着改善了频率控制。而积分时间绝对误差的较低标准偏差和方差意味着所开发算法的鲁棒性有所提高。然而，这种改进会损害控制器的大小和计算复杂性。在非协调控制方案中，控制向量是一维的，而在协调方案中，每个CA的控制向量都是二维的。这种改进不利于控制器的大小和计算复杂性。在非协调控制方案中，控制向量是一维的，而在协调方案中，每个CA的控制向量都是二维的。这种改进不利于控制器的大小和计算复杂性。在非协调控制方案中，控制向量是一维的，而在协调方案中，每个CA的控制向量都是二维的。