ABSTRACT

Introduction: Existing studies on ecosystem service relationships are mainly qualitative or semi-quantitative assessments, but lack of quantitative exploration of aggregated ecosystem services and their influencing factors. We mapped the distributions of 12 ecosystem services of Zhejiang Province in 2000 and 2015 at the district and county level, analyzed their relationships using Spearman’s correlation analysis, constructed ecosystem service bundle index (ESBI) for each district and county by structural equation model, and then through multiple linear regression, we explored factors associated with ESBI variations.

Outcomes: Our results showed that (1) most ecosystem services were spatially clustered. There were synergies between individual ecosystem services in categories of provisioning and regulating services, respectively; (2) our proposed ESBI index system consists of overall index and sub-indices of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services. The higher the ESBI value, the more important the corresponding place for multiple aggregated ecosystem service provision. Compared to 2000, ESBI in 2015 distributed more unevenly, and the average dropped by 3.10%; and (3) the increase of ESBI was associated with its initial value, and four socioeconomic and natural factors; the decrease of ESBI was influenced by the initial value and six key socioeconomic factors.

Discussion and Conclusion: Our proposed ESBI system has several advantages (e.g., scale free, flexible weighting, quantitative and continuous indices for further analyses, and alternative non-monetary solution) in understanding and managing relationships among multiple ecosystem services.

摘要

简介：现有的生态系统服务关系研究主要是定性或半定量评估，但缺乏对总体生态系统服务及其影响因素的定量研究。我们绘制了2000年和2015年浙江省12个生态系统服务在地区和县一级的分布图，使用Spearman相关分析分析了它们之间的关系，通过结构方程模型构建了每个地区和县的生态系统服务捆绑指数（ESBI），然后通过多元线性回归，我们探索了与ESBI变化相关的因素。

结果：我们的结果表明：（1）大多数生态系统服务在空间上都是聚类的。在提供和调节服务的类别中，各个生态系统服务之间存在协同作用；（2）我们提议的ESBI索引系统由总体索引以及提供，监管和文化服务的子索引组成。ESBI值越高，提供多种聚合的生态系统服务所对应的位置就越重要。与2000年相比，2015年ESBI的分布更加不均匀，平均下降了3.10％；（3）ESBI的增加与其初始价值，四个社会经济和自然因素有关；ESBI的下降受到初始值和六个关键社会经济因素的影响。

讨论和结论：我们提出的ESBI系统在理解和管理多种生态系统服务之间的关系方面具有多个优势（例如，无标度，灵活的权重，定量和连续指标以进行进一步分析，以及替代性的非货币解决方案）。