The ubiquitously expressed nonhistone nuclear protein high‐mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) has different functions related to posttranslational modifications and cellular localization. In the nucleus, HMGB1 modulates gene transcription, replication and DNA repair as well as determines chromosomal architecture. When the post‐transcriptional modified HMGB1 is released into the extracellular space, it triggers several physiological and pathological responses and initiates innate immunity through interacting with its reciprocal receptors (i.e., TLR4/2 and RAGE). The effect of HMGB1‐mediated inflammatory activation on different systems has received increasing attention. HMGB1 is now considered to be an alarmin and participates in multiple inflammation‐related diseases. In addition, HMGB1 also affects the occurrence and progression of tumors. However, most studies involving HMGB1 have been focused on adults or mature animals. Due to differences in disease characteristics between children and adults, it is necessary to clarify the role of HMGB1 in pediatric diseases.

中文翻译：

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警报蛋白 HMGB1 在儿科疾病中的表现：从实验室到临床

普遍表达的非组蛋白核蛋白高迁移率族框蛋白 1 (HMGB1) 具有与翻译后修饰和细胞定位相关的不同功能。在细胞核中，HMGB1 调节基因转录、复制和 DNA 修复以及决定染色体结构。当转录后修饰的 HMGB1 被释放到细胞外空间时，它会触发多种生理和病理反应，并通过与其相互受体（即 TLR4/2 和 RAGE）的相互作用启动先天免疫。HMGB1 介导的炎症激活对不同系统的影响越来越受到关注。HMGB1 现在被认为是一种警报，并参与多种炎症相关疾病。此外，HMGB1还影响肿瘤的发生和发展。然而，大多数涉及 HMGB1 的研究都集中在成人或成熟动物身上。由于儿童与成人的疾病特征存在差异，有必要明确HMGB1在儿科疾病中的作用。