The growing interest in nanomaterials with advanced optoelectronic properties has promoted the advancement of biosensors with various applications. In the environmental field, the need for rapid detection of pollutants in water sources has opened the door to fluorescent biosensors. These systems are quite sensitive and simple. Nanomaterials such as carbon dots (CD), quantum dots (QD), gold nanoparticles, nanoclusters, graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), transition metal dialcogens (TMDC) and organometallic frameworks (MOF), have been used in the development of fluorescent detection systems. They are usually based on the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching principle. Nanomaterials can be bioconjugated with molecules such as antibodies, enzymes or aptamers, to achieve specific detection of the target pollutant, even in real samples. This review conducts a critical analysis of the operating principle of different nanomaterial-based fluorescent biosensors. We discuss the detection of substances of high concern like heavy metals, pesticides, and so-called emerging contaminants. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed, as well as recommendations for future approaches and a possible massification of these systems.

对具有先进光电特性的纳米材料的兴趣日益增长，推动了生物传感器在各种应用中的发展。在环境领域，对快速检测水中污染物的需求为荧光生物传感器打开了大门。这些系统非常敏感和简单。碳纳米管（CD），量子点（QD），金纳米颗粒，纳米团簇，石墨烯（G），氧化石墨烯（GO），过渡金属二醇（TMDC）和有机金属骨架（MOF）等纳米材料已用于开发中荧光检测系统。它们通常基于Förster共振能量转移（FRET）猝灭原理。纳米材料可以与抗体，酶或适体等分子生物缀合，即使在真实样品中也可以实现目标污染物的特异性检测。这篇综述对不同的基于纳米材料的荧光生物传感器的工作原理进行了严格的分析。我们讨论检测重金属，农药和所谓的新兴污染物等高度关注的物质。讨论了这些方法的优缺点，以及对未来方法的建议以及这些系统可能的批量化。