Foraging is risky and involves balancing the benefits of resource acquisition with costs of predation. Optimal foraging theory predicts where, when and how long to forage in a given spatiotemporal distribution of risks and resources. However, significant variation in foraging behaviour and resource exploitation remain unexplained. Using single foragers in artificial landscapes of perceived risks and resources with diminishing returns, we aimed to test whether foraging behaviour and resource exploitation are adjusted to risk level, vary with risk during different components of foraging, and (co)vary among individuals. We quantified foraging behaviour and resource exploitation for 21 common voles (Microtus arvalis). By manipulating ground cover, we created simple landscapes of two food patches varying in perceived risk during feeding in a patch and/or while travelling between patches. Foraging of individuals was variable and adjusted to risk level and type. High risk during feeding reduced feeding duration and food consumption more strongly than risk while travelling. Risk during travelling modified the risk effects of feeding for changes between patches and resulting evenness of resource exploitation. Across risk conditions individuals differed consistently in when and how long they exploited resources and exposed themselves to risk. These among-individual differences in foraging behaviour were associated with consistent patterns of resource exploitation. Thus, different strategies in foraging-under-risk ultimately lead to unequal payoffs and might affect lower trophic levels in food webs. Inter-individual differences in foraging behaviour, i.e. foraging personalities, are an integral part of foraging behaviour and need to be fully integrated into optimal foraging theory.

觅食是有风险的，并且涉及在资源获取的利益与捕食成本之间取得平衡。最佳觅食理论预测在给定的时空分布的风险和资源中，觅食的时间，地点和时间。但是，觅食行为和资源开发方面的重大变化仍无法解释。我们在感知风险和资源的人工景观中使用单个觅食者，收益递减，我们的目标是测试觅食行为和资源开发是否已调整到风险水平，在觅食的不同组成部分是否随风险而变化以及个体之间（共）变化。我们量化了21种普通田鼠（田鼠（Microtus arvalis）的觅食行为和资源开发。）。通过操纵地被植物，我们创建了两个食物补丁的简单图景，两个食物补丁在喂养补丁期间和/或在补丁之间旅行时的感知风险有所不同。个人的觅食是可变的，并根据风险水平和类型进行了调整。进食时的高风险比进食时的风险更短地减少了喂食时间和食物消耗。旅途中的风险改变了补片之间变化的风险影响，并改变了资源开发的均匀性。在各种风险条件下，个人在何时何地利用资源并使自己承受风险方面一直存在差异。这些个体之间在觅食行为上的差异与资源开发的一致模式有关。从而，在低风险中觅食的不同策略最终导致收益不均，并可能影响食物网中较低的营养水平。觅食行为之间的个体差异（即觅食个性）是觅食行为的组成部分，需要完全纳入最佳觅食理论。