Hammerstones and anvils are among the oldest tools used by hominins to perform a variety of tasks including knapping activities. The bipolar technique on anvil is well documented in Prehistory since the Lower Palaeolithic and is usually considered to be an expedient technique in comparison to other knapping systems. This technique plays a pivotal role in the Uluzzian techno-complex lithic production where it is largely used. In the present study, we analyse the anvils and hammerstones recovered in the Mousterian and Uluzzian layers of the site of Castelcivita (Campania region-southern Italy) by a multi-disciplinary approach. Our aim is to investigate the function and functioning of anvils and hammerstones by evaluating the presence and the role of bipolar knapping in these two assemblages. To do this, we integrated techno-functional analysis (sensu Boëda) and use-wear study, by defining each techno-functional unit (transformative and prehensile unities) of anvils and hammerstones and identifying the specific use-wear left by the bipolar technique by means of a dedicated experimental programme. The obtained results allowed us to observe different technical behaviours, concerning both the production and the use of hammerstones and anvils, between Mousterian and Uluzzian. Differences were encountered in the selection of raw material (limestone in the Uluzzian, sandstone in the Mousterian) and in the technical way of approaching the tool as well as in the function: the Mousterian anvil was used ‘as is’ for crushing materials, unlike the Uluzzian anvils which were exclusively employed for bipolar knapping, after adapting their original volume. Hammerstones were mainly used as pestles or retouchers in the Mousterian and for direct percussion in knapping activities during the Uluzzian.

锤子和铁砧是人人用来执行包括绑扎活动在内的各种任务的最古老的工具。自古旧石器时代以来，史前时期就在砧板上采用了双极技术，因此与其他绑扎系统相比，这种技术通常被认为是权宜之计。该技术在大量使用的Uluzzian技术复杂的石板生产中起着关键作用。在本研究中，我们通过多学科方法分析了Castelcivita（意大利坎帕尼亚地区）遗址Mousterian和Uluzzian层中回收的砧和锤石。我们的目的是通过评估这两种组件中双极敲打的存在和作用来研究砧座和重锤的功能和功能。去做这个，我们通过定义铁砧和锤石的每个技术功能单位（变换和压制单位），并通过专用的双极技术确定了特定的使用磨损，将技术功能分析（sensuBoëda）和使用磨损研究进行了整合实验程序。获得的结果使我们能够观察到穆斯特人和乌鲁兹人之间有关锤石和砧座的生产和使用的不同技术行为。在选择原料（Uluzzian的石灰岩，Mousterian的砂岩），接近工具的技术方式以及功能方面存在差异：与其他方式不同，Mousterian砧被“按原样”用于破碎物料调整原始体积后，专门用于双极打折的Uluzzian砧。