Stethynium empoasca Subba Rao (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) is an egg parasitoid of the predominant tea pest, Empoasca onukii Matsuda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and is regarded as the most promising candidate for both augmentative and conservative biological control on E. onukii. However, little is presently known about its biology, ecology, and genetics. Here, we developed and characterized novel microsatellite markers for S. empoasca from transcriptome sequences generated using high-throughput sequencing. A total of 54,520 microsatellites were isolated from 117 Mb clean sequences. Fifty primers were developed and used to characterize 98 individuals from five geographically distinct populations, of which 18 loci were demonstrated to be polymorphic, stable, and repetitive. These loci also showed a low frequency of null alleles, suggesting little effect on their use in the estimation of genetic diversity and structure. Additionally, the assessed populations showed low to moderate levels of genetic differentiation, in which individuals clearly grouped into two clusters, indicating that the loci could reveal a pattern of spatial structure and gene flow in S. empoasca populations according to geographic variability. This work provides an important basis for future studies on how these markers can be used in studies of the biology, genetics, and ecology of this important parasitoid.

中文翻译：

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使用高通量测序开发和表征茶园中优势寄生蜂 Stethynium empoasca（膜翅目：Mymaridae）的新型微卫星标记

Stethynium empoasca Subba Rao（膜翅目：Mymaridae）是主要茶害虫 Empoasca onukii Matsuda（半翅目：Cicadellidae）的卵寄生物，被认为是对 E. onukii 进行增强和保守生物防治的最有希望的候选者。然而，目前对其生物学、生态学和遗传学知之甚少。在这里，我们从使用高通量测序生成的转录组序列中开发并表征了 S. empoasca 的新型微卫星标记。从 117 Mb 的干净序列中总共分离出 54,520 颗微卫星。开发了 50 个引物并用于表征来自五个地理不同种群的 98 个个体，其中 18 个基因座被证明是多态的、稳定的和重复的。这些基因座也显示出低频率的无效等位基因，表明它们在遗传多样性和结构的估计中的使用影响很小。此外，评估的种群显示出低到中等水平的遗传分化，其中个体清楚地分为两个集群，表明该位点可以根据地理变异性揭示 S. empoasca 种群的空间结构和基因流动模式。这项工作为未来研究如何将这些标记用于这一重要寄生蜂的生物学、遗传学和生态学研究提供了重要基础。表明该位点可以根据地理变异性揭示 S. empoasca 种群的空间结构和基因流动模式。这项工作为未来研究如何将这些标记用于这一重要寄生蜂的生物学、遗传学和生态学研究提供了重要基础。表明该位点可以根据地理变异性揭示 S. empoasca 种群的空间结构和基因流动模式。这项工作为未来研究如何将这些标记用于这一重要寄生蜂的生物学、遗传学和生态学研究提供了重要基础。