Pistacia lentiscus shows a long range of biological activities, and it has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of various kinds of diseases. Moreover, related essential oil keeps important health-promoting properties. However, less is known about P. lentiscus hydrosol, a main by-product of essential oil production, usually used for steam distillation itself or discarded. In this work, by using ultra-high-resolution ESI(+)-FT-ICR mass spectrometry, a direct identification of four main classes of metabolites of P. lentiscus hydrosol (i.e., terpenes, amino acids, peptides, and condensed heterocycles) was obtained. Remarkably, P. lentiscus hydrosol exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) activated primary human monocytes. In LPS-triggered U937 cells, it inhibited NF-κB, a key transcription factor in inflammatory cascade, regulating the expression of both the mitochondrial citrate carrier and the ATP citrate lyase genes. These two main components of the citrate pathway were downregulated by P. lentiscus hydrosol. Therefore, the levels of ROS, NO, and PGE₂, the inflammatory mediators downstream the citrate pathway, were reduced. Results shed light on metabolic profile and anti-inflammatory properties of P. lentiscus hydrosol, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent.

中文翻译：

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黄连木水溶胶：NF-κB和柠檬酸盐途径介导的非靶向代谢组学分析和抗炎活性。

黄连木具有很长的生物活性，它已被用于传统医学中以治疗各种疾病。此外，相关的香精油还具有重要的健康促进特性。然而，人们对扁桃假单胞菌水溶胶（精油生产的主要副产品）知之甚少，通常用于蒸汽蒸馏本身或将其丢弃。在这项工作中，通过使用超高分辨率ESI（+）-FT-ICR质谱，直接鉴定扁豆假单胞菌水溶胶的四种主要代谢物（即萜烯，氨基酸，肽和稠合杂环）获得了。值得注意的是，P. lentiscus水溶胶通过抑制IL-1的分泌显示出抗炎活性β脂多糖-（LPS-）激活的原代人单核细胞中的IL-1，IL-6和TNF- α促炎细胞因子。在LPS触发U937细胞中，NF-抑制κ B，一个关键转录因子在炎症级联，调节线粒体柠檬酸载体和ATP柠檬酸裂解酶基因两者的表达。柠檬酸假单胞菌水溶胶下调了柠檬酸盐途径的这两个主要成分。因此，降低了柠檬酸途径下游的炎症介质ROS，NO和PGE ₂的水平。结果揭示了扁桃假单胞菌水溶胶的代谢特征和抗炎特性，表明其作为治疗剂的潜力。