The development of nanomedicine is expected to provide an innovative direction for addressing challenges associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. In the past decades, although nanotechnology-based phototherapy has been developed for antimicrobial treatment since it rarely causes bacterial resistance, the clinical application of single-mode phototherapy has been limited due to poor tissue penetration of light sources. Therefore, combinatorial strategies are being developed. In this review, we first summarized the current phototherapy agents, which were classified into two functional categories: organic phototherapy agents (e.g., small molecule photosensitizers, small molecule photosensitizer-loaded nanoparticles and polymer-based photosensitizers) and inorganic phototherapy agents (e.g., carbo-based nanomaterials, metal-based nanomaterials, composite nanomaterials and quantum dots). Then the development of emerging phototherapy-based combinatorial strategies, including combination with chemotherapy, combination with chemodynamic therapy, combination with gas therapy, and multiple combination therapy, are presented and future directions are further discussed. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of phototherapy to deal with bacterial infections and to propose that the combination therapy strategy is an effective way to solve the challenges of single-mode phototherapy.

中文翻译：

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基于光疗的细菌感染联合治疗策略

纳米药物的发展有望为解决与多药耐药性（MDR）细菌相关的挑战提供创新的方向。在过去的几十年中，尽管由于基于纳米技术的光疗很少引起细菌耐药性，因此已经开发了用于抗菌治疗的纳米技术，但是由于光源的组织穿透性差，单模光疗的临床应用受到了限制。因此，正在开发组合策略。在这篇综述中，我们首先总结了当前的光疗剂，将其分为两个功能类别：有机光疗剂（例如，小分子光敏剂，负载有小分子光敏剂的纳米颗粒和聚合物基光敏剂）和无机光疗剂（例如，碳纳米材料，金属纳米材料，复合纳米材料和量子点）。然后介绍了新兴的基于光疗的组合策略的发展，包括与化学疗法相结合，与化学动力疗法相结合，与气体疗法相结合以及多种组合疗法，并进一步讨论了未来的方向。本文的目的是强调光疗对付细菌感染的潜力，并提出联合治疗策略是解决单模光疗挑战的有效方法。