Brain development is an extraordinarily complex process achieved through the spatially and temporally regulated release of key patterning factors. In vitro neurodevelopmental models seek to mimic these processes to recapitulate the steps of tissue fate acquisition and morphogenesis. Classic two-dimensional neural cultures present higher homogeneity but lower complexity compared to the brain. Brain organoids instead have more advanced cell composition, maturation and tissue architecture. They can thus be considered at the interface of in vitro and in vivo neurobiology, and further improvements in organoid techniques are continuing to narrow the gap with in vivo brain development. Here we describe these efforts to recapitulate brain development in neural organoids and focus on their applicability for disease modeling, evolutionary studies and neural network research.

大脑发育是一个非常复杂的过程，通过关键模式因子的空间和时间调节释放来实现。体外神经发育模型试图模仿这些过程来概括组织命运获取和形态发生的步骤。与大脑相比，经典的二维神经培养物具有更高的同质性，但复杂性更低。相反，大脑类器官具有更先进的细胞组成、成熟度和组织结构。因此可以在体外和体内神经生物学的界面上考虑它们，并且类器官技术的进一步改进正在继续缩小与体内大脑发育的差距。在这里，我们描述了这些重述神经类器官大脑发育的努力，并专注于它们对疾病建模的适用性，