ABSTRACT

Objective

Long-term behavioral, mood, and cognitive deficits affect over 30% of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of the present study was to examine the neurobehavioral outcomes following endovascular perforation induced SAH in mice.

Methods

C57BL/6 J (B6) mice were exposed to endovascular perforation induced SAH or control surgery. Three weeks later, mice received a series of behavioral tests, e.g. motor function, stereotypy, learning, memory, behavioral flexibility, depression and anxiety. The immunohistologic experiment examined neuronalloss in the cortex following SAH.

Results

SAH mice exhibited increased marble burying and nestlet shredding compared to that of control mice. Although SAH did not affect memory, learning or reversal learning,mice displayed greater overall object exploration in the novel object recognition test, as well as elevated perseveration during probabilistic reversal learning.In the forced swim and open field tests, SAH mice performed comparably to that of control mice. However, SAH mice exhibited an increased frequency in ‘jumping’ behavior in the open field test. Histological analyses revealed reduced neuron density in the parietal-entorhinal cortices of SAH mice on the injured side compared to that of control mice.

Discussion

The findings suggest that parietal-entorhinal damage from SAH increases stereotyped motor behaviors and ‘compulsive-like’ behaviors without affecting cognition (learning and memory) or mood (anxiety and depression). This model can be used to better understand the neuropathophysiology following SAH that contributes to behavioral impairments in survivors with no gross sensory-motor deficits.

中文翻译：

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C57BL/6J 小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血增加运动刻板印象和强迫性行为

摘要

客观的

超过 30% 的蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH) 患者受到长期行为、情绪和认知缺陷的影响。本研究的目的是检查血管内穿孔诱导小鼠 SAH 后的神经行为结果。

方法

C57BL/6 J (B6) 小鼠接受血管内穿孔诱导的 SAH 或对照手术。三周后，小鼠接受了一系列行为测试，例如运动功能、刻板印象、学习、记忆、行为灵活性、抑郁和焦虑。免疫组织学实验检查了 SAH 后皮层中的神经元丢失。

结果

与对照小鼠相比，SAH 小鼠表现出更多的大理石埋藏和雀巢破碎。虽然 SAH 不影响记忆、学习或逆转学习，但小鼠在新物体识别测试中表现出更大的整体物体探索，以及在概率逆转学习过程中更高的毅力。 在强迫游泳和野外测试中，SAH 小鼠的表现与对照小鼠。然而，SAH 小鼠在野外试验中表现出“跳跃”行为的频率增加。组织学分析显示，与对照小鼠相比，受伤侧 SAH 小鼠的顶叶-内嗅皮质中的神经元密度降低。

讨论

研究结果表明，SAH 造成的顶叶-内嗅损伤会增加刻板的运动行为和“强迫性”行为，而不会影响认知（学习和记忆）或情绪（焦虑和抑郁）。该模型可用于更好地了解 SAH 后的神经病理生理学，这会导致没有严重感觉运动缺陷的幸存者出现行为障碍。