Our official English website, www.x-mol.net, welcomes your
feedback! (Note: you will need to create a separate account there.)
Functional diversity of attachment and grooming leg structures is retained in all but the smallest insects
Journal of Zoology ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 , DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12840 B. E. Boudinot 1 , R. G. Beutel 2, 3 , S. N. Gorb 4 , A. A. Polilov 5
Journal of Zoology ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-11-01 , DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12840 B. E. Boudinot 1 , R. G. Beutel 2, 3 , S. N. Gorb 4 , A. A. Polilov 5
Affiliation
|
Miniaturization strongly affects functional morphology. Whereas some anatomical structures are barely affected by scaling, others can fundamentally change as the body becomes ever smaller. No prior study has focused on the effect of miniaturization on grooming and attachment structures in Hymenoptera, which can be highly diverse and complex. Through comparative description of the legs of the extremely small wasps of the families Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae, we evaluate the functional and phylogenetic patterns concerning possible functional effects of miniaturization. On the one hand, the studied species retain some features characteristic of other Chalcidoidea, while on the other, they display some parallelisms associated with miniaturization in leg structure. These observations support a two‐stage morphocline of miniaturization, wherein the first stage is characterized by the preservation of structural complexity and retention of all basic functions, as for instance in examined Megaphragma and the females of Dicopomorpha. The second stage is characterized by a significant simplification, with the loss of redundant non‐essential functions, as observed for the males of Dicopomorpha, which have grossly reduced leg structures, including total loss cleaning devices. Whether these stages are ordered or unordered should be evaluated in future study. Functional optimization of attachment in male Dicopomorpha is indicated by the highly derived mushroom‐shaped tarsi, complemented by novel grappling spurs on the hindfeet, possibly for copulation. Our observations underline adaptive trade‐offs in the expression of complex and multifunctional leg structures at extreme scales.
中文翻译：
除最小的昆虫外，所有昆虫都保留了附着和修饰腿部结构的功能多样性
小型化强烈影响功能形态。尽管某些解剖结构几乎不受缩放影响，但随着人体变得越来越小，其他解剖结构可能会发生根本性的变化。先前没有研究集中于小型化对膜翅目中的修饰和附着结构的影响，膜翅目的多样性和复杂性可能很高。通过对Mymaridae和Trichogrammatidae科的极小黄蜂腿的比较描述，我们评估了与小型化可能的功能效应有关的功能和系统发育模式。一方面，所研究的物种保留了其他金缕梅的某些特征，而另一方面，它们却表现出与腿结构小型化相关的一些平行性。这些观察结果支持小型化的两阶段吗啉。ph肌与雌突morph。第二阶段的特点是大大简化，失去了多余的非必要功能，就像对Dicopomorpha的雄性所观察到的那样，这些腿的腿部结构已大大减少，包括总损耗清洁装置。这些阶段是有序的还是无序的，应在以后的研究中进行评估。高度衍生的蘑菇形tarsi指示了雄性Dicopomorpha附着的功能优化，后脚上有新型抓钩，可能用于交配。我们的观察结果强调了在极端规模下复杂和多功能腿结构的表达中的自适应权衡。
更新日期：2020-11-01
中文翻译：
除最小的昆虫外，所有昆虫都保留了附着和修饰腿部结构的功能多样性
小型化强烈影响功能形态。尽管某些解剖结构几乎不受缩放影响，但随着人体变得越来越小，其他解剖结构可能会发生根本性的变化。先前没有研究集中于小型化对膜翅目中的修饰和附着结构的影响，膜翅目的多样性和复杂性可能很高。通过对Mymaridae和Trichogrammatidae科的极小黄蜂腿的比较描述，我们评估了与小型化可能的功能效应有关的功能和系统发育模式。一方面，所研究的物种保留了其他金缕梅的某些特征，而另一方面，它们却表现出与腿结构小型化相关的一些平行性。这些观察结果支持小型化的两阶段吗啉。ph肌与雌突morph。第二阶段的特点是大大简化，失去了多余的非必要功能，就像对Dicopomorpha的雄性所观察到的那样，这些腿的腿部结构已大大减少，包括总损耗清洁装置。这些阶段是有序的还是无序的，应在以后的研究中进行评估。高度衍生的蘑菇形tarsi指示了雄性Dicopomorpha附着的功能优化，后脚上有新型抓钩，可能用于交配。我们的观察结果强调了在极端规模下复杂和多功能腿结构的表达中的自适应权衡。
京公网安备 11010802027423号