In plant species, variation in levels of clonality, ploidy and interspecific hybridization can interact to influence geographic patterns of genetic diversity. These factors commonly vary in plants that specialize on saline habitats (halophytes) and may play a role in how they adapt to salinity variation across their range. One such halophyte is the turfgrass and emerging genomic model system seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz). To investigate how clonal propagation, ploidy variation, and interspecific hybridization vary across ecotypes and local salinity levels in wild P. vaginatum, we employed genotyping‐by‐sequencing, cpDNA sequencing and flow cytometry in 218 accessions representing > 170 wild collections from throughout the coastal southern United States plus USDA germplasm. We found that the two morphologically distinct ecotypes of P. vaginatum differ in their adaptive strategies. The fine‐textured ecotype is diploid and appears to reproduce in the wild both sexually and by clonal propagation; in contrast, the coarse‐textured ecotype consists largely of clonally‐propagating triploid and diploid genotypes. The coarse‐textured ecotype appears to be derived from hybridization between fine‐textured P. vaginatum and an unidentified Paspalum species. These clonally propagating hybrid genotypes are more broadly distributed than clonal fine‐textured genotypes and may represent a transition to a more generalist adaptive strategy. Additionally, the triploid genotypes vary in whether they carry one or two copies of the P. vaginatum subgenome, indicating multiple evolutionary origins. This variation in subgenome composition shows associations with local ocean salinity levels across the sampled populations and may play a role in local adaptation.

中文翻译：

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杂交，多倍体和克隆性影响盐生植物海滨雀pa（Paspalum阴道）模型的多样性和耐盐性地理格局

在植物物种中，克隆性，倍性和种间杂交水平的变化会相互作用，从而影响遗传多样性的地理格局。这些因素通常在专门针对盐生境（盐生植物）的植物中有所不同，并且可能在它们如何适应整个范围内的盐度变化中发挥作用。一种这样的盐生植物是草皮草和新兴的基因组模型系统海滨雀spa（Paspalum阴道瘤Swartz）。研究野生阴道假单胞菌的克隆繁殖，倍性变异和种间杂交如何在生态型和局部盐度水平之间变化，我们在218个种质中采用了基因分型，cpDNA测序和流式细胞术，代表了来自美国南部沿海以及USDA种质的170多个野生种。我们发现两种体育形态学不同的生态型阴道阴茎在适应策略上有所不同。质地细密的生态型是二倍体，似乎在野外有性繁殖和通过克隆繁殖繁殖。相反，粗糙结构的生态型主要由无性繁殖的三倍体和二倍体基因型组成。粗纹理的生态型似乎源自细纹理的阴道假单胞菌与未鉴定的雀spa之间的杂交种类。这些无性繁殖的杂种基因型的分布比克隆的细化基因型更广泛，并且可能代表了向更笼统的适应策略的过渡。此外，三倍体基因型在携带一个还是两个副本的阴道假单胞菌亚基因组方面有所不同，表明存在多个进化起源。亚基因组组成的这种变化表明，与抽样人群的局部海洋盐度水平相关，并且可能在局部适应中发挥作用。