There is a need to improve raspberry crop nitrogen (N) management practices, particularly when grown over aquifers vulnerable to nitrate (NO₃) leaching. This study quantified the effects of N, irrigation and alley management strategies on berry yield, indices of crop vigor and N status, growing season soil N dynamics, and root-lesion nematode (RLN) population dynamics under red raspberry production in British Columbia, Canada. Conventional management (100 kg N ha⁻¹ surface broadcast on the row, clean cultivation of alleys, and drip irrigation for a fixed duration regardless of evapotranspiration [ET]) was compared with different mineral fertilizer N rates, application of N as manure, seeding the alley to either a perennial forage grass (perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.] and ‘Bridgeport II’ chewings fescue [Festuca rubra subsp. commutate]) or an autumn-seeded spring barley crop, or ET-scheduled irrigation. In addition, the combination of ET-scheduled irrigation plus fertigation of a reduced rate of N was compared with conventional practices at a reduced N rate. There was little or no crop response to N source and rate, a finding attributed primarily to high nonmanaged N inputs, and possibly also to RLNs present at population densities (grand mean = 4 per cm³ soil) expected to suppress raspberry growth. ET-scheduled irrigation reduced water use ∼50% compared with fixed-duration irrigation without compromising crop performance. The perennial forage grass in the alley reduced soil mineral N but not yield. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that more environmentally sustainable raspberry production can be achieved through integrated management systems even in soils vulnerable to NO₃ leaching.

中文翻译：

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氮、灌溉和小巷管理影响覆盆子作物反应和土壤氮和根部损伤线虫动态

需要改进覆盆子作物氮 (N) 管理实践，特别是当生长在易受硝酸盐 (NO ₃ ) 浸出的含水层上时。本研究量化了加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省红树莓生产条件下氮、灌溉和小巷管理策略对浆果产量、作物活力和氮状况指数、生长季节土壤氮动态和根部损伤线虫 (RLN) 种群动态的影响. 将常规管理（100 kg N ha ^-1地表撒播、小巷清洁栽培以及不考虑蒸发蒸腾[ET] 的固定持续时间滴灌）与不同的矿物肥料施氮量、施氮肥、播种进行比较胡同到任何一种多年生牧草（多年生黑麦草 [ Lolium perenneL.] 和 'Bridgeport II' 咀嚼羊茅 [ Festuca rubra subsp。交换]) 或秋季播种的春季大麦作物，或 ET 计划灌溉。此外，将 ET 计划灌溉加施肥结合降低施氮量与降低施氮量的常规做法进行了比较。作物对氮源和比率几乎没有反应，这一发现主要归因于高非管理氮投入，也可能归因于人口密度下存在的 RLN（总平均值 = 4/cm ³土壤）有望抑制覆盆子的生长。与固定时间灌溉相比，ET 计划灌溉减少了约 50% 的用水量，而不会影响作物性能。小巷中的多年生牧草降低了土壤矿物质氮，但不降低产量。综上所述，这些发现表明，即使在易受 NO ₃浸出的土壤中，也可以通过综合管理系统实现更具环境可持续性的覆盆子生产。