Periodontitis is an irreversible, chronic inflammatory disease where inflammophilic pathogenic microbial communities accumulate in the gingival crevice. Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response against bacterial challenge, and under homeostatic conditions, their microbicidal functions typically protect the host against periodontitis. However, a number of periodontal pathogens developed survival strategies to evade neutrophil microbicidal functions while promoting inflammation, which provides a source of nutrients for bacterial growth. Research on periodontal pathogens has largely focused on a few established species: Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. However, advances in culture‐independent techniques have facilitated the identification of new bacterial species in periodontal lesions, such as the two Gram‐positive anaerobes, Filifactor alocis and Peptoanaerobacter stomatis, whose characterization of pathogenic potential has not been fully described. Additionally, there is not a full understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms used against neutrophils by organisms that are abundant in periodontal lesions. This presents a substantial barrier to the development of new approaches to prevent or ameliorate the disease. In this review, we first summarize the neutrophil functions affected by the established periodontal pathogens listed above, denoting unknown areas that still merit a closer look. Then, we review the literature on neutrophil functions and the emerging periodontal pathogens, F. alocis and P. stomatis, comparing the effects of the emerging microbes to that of established pathogens, and speculate on the contribution of these putative pathogens to the progression of periodontal disease.

中文翻译：

---

牙周病原体的策略使中性粒细胞解除武装，以促进炎症失调

牙周炎是一种不可逆的慢性炎症性疾病，其中，致炎性病原微生物群落聚集在牙龈缝隙中。中性粒细胞是先天宿主抵抗细菌攻击的主要组成部分，在稳态条件下，它们的杀菌功能通常可以保护宿主抵抗牙周炎。但是，许多牙周病原体开发了生存策略，以逃避嗜中性白细胞的杀菌功能，同时促进炎症，这为细菌生长提供了营养来源。牙周病原体的研究主要集中在一些已建立的物种上：连翘属植物，密螺旋体，核纤梭菌，放线杆菌聚合菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌。但是，与文化无关的技术的进步促进了牙周病变中新细菌种类的鉴定，例如两种革兰氏阳性厌氧菌，刺丝变形菌和气孔肽厌氧菌。，其致病潜力的表征尚未完全描述。另外，对于牙周病变中丰富的生物体对嗜中性白细胞的致病机制还没有完全的了解。这为开发预防或改善该疾病的新方法提出了实质性的障碍。在这篇综述中，我们首先总结受上述已建立的牙周病原体影响的嗜中性粒细胞功能，表示仍需仔细观察的未知区域。然后，我们回顾了有关中性粒细胞功能和新兴的牙周病原体F. alocis和P. stomatis的文献， 比较新兴微生物与已确定病原体的影响，并推测这些推定病原体对牙周疾病进展的贡献。