Abstract Supercritical water processes include supercritical water (SCW) oxidation (SCWO) and supercritical water gasification (SCWG). These are promising green technologies to address critical solid waste and wastewater management challenges, and in producing clean and renewable energy. Both SCWO and SCWG can use catalysts to improve reaction performance, such as to treat biomass at more moderate temperatures in SCWO processes, and to increase selectivity for production of more desirable gas products in SCWG processes. Heterogeneous catalysis has shown to be advantageous compared to homogenous catalysis for SCW processes. This paper reviews literature on heterogeneous catalysis applied to SCWO and SCWG process from the past decade, by focusing on catalyst preparation, characterization, and mechanisms, primarily for wastewater treatment and biogas production applications. The findings show that metal oxide catalysts such as Ag2O, CeO2, CuO, Fe2O3, MgO can enhance SCWO of biomass. On the other hand, transition metal catalysts (mainly nickel- and ruthenium-based catalysts) have been more often used for SCWG of biomass in SCW, compared to metal oxides, noble metals, zeolites, and carbon-based catalysts.

中文翻译：

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超临界水氧化/气化过程多相催化的最新进展：对催化剂开发的洞察

摘要 超临界水工艺包括超临界水（SCW）氧化（SCWO）和超临界水气化（SCWG）。这些都是有前途的绿色技术，可以解决关键的固体废物和废水管理挑战，以及生产清洁和可再生能源。SCWO 和 SCWG 都可以使用催化剂来提高反应性能，例如在 SCWO 工艺中在更适中的温度下处理生物质，并提高在 SCWG 工艺中生产更理想的气体产品的选择性。与 SCW 过程的均相催化相比，多相催化已显示出优势。本文回顾了过去十年中应用于 SCWO 和 SCWG 工艺的多相催化的文献，重点关注催化剂的制备、表征和机理，主要用于废水处理和沼气生产应用。结果表明，Ag2O、CeO2、CuO、Fe2O3、MgO等金属氧化物催化剂可以提高生物质的SCWO。另一方面，与金属氧化物、贵金属、沸石和碳基催化剂相比，过渡金属催化剂（主要是镍和钌基催化剂）更常用于 SCW 中生物质的 SCWG。