Abstract This paper addresses the challenges of creating realistic models of soil for simulations of heavy vehicles on weak terrain. We modelled dense soils using the discrete element method with variable parameters for surface friction, normal cohesion, and rolling resistance. To find out what type of soils can be represented, we measured the internal friction and bulk cohesion of over 100 different virtual samples. To test the model, we simulated rut formation from a heavy vehicle with different loads and soil strengths. We conclude that the relevant space of dense frictional and frictional-cohesive soils can be represented and that the model is applicable for simulation of large deformations induced by heavy vehicles on weak terrain.

中文翻译：

---

重型车辆下土体大变形离散元建模

摘要 本文解决了为在弱地形上模拟重型车辆创建逼真的土壤模型的挑战。我们使用离散元方法对密实土壤进行建模，其中表面摩擦、法向内聚力和滚动阻力的参数可变。为了找出可以代表什么类型的土壤，我们测量了 100 多个不同虚拟样品的内摩擦力和体积内聚力。为了测试模型，我们模拟了具有不同载荷和土壤强度的重型车辆的车辙形成。我们得出结论，密集摩擦土和摩擦粘性土的相关空间可以表示，并且该模型适用于模拟重型车辆在弱地形上引起的大变形。