Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) has been considered as a nearly irreversible biocatalyst for catalyzing formate oxidation to CO₂ for a long time. However, recent research clearly proved that certain FDHs, mainly NAD⁺-linked/metal (either W- or Mo-) containing enzymes, are capable of reversibly interconverting CO₂ and formate, thereby having a significant role as a non-photosynthetic CO₂ utilizing enzyme. We, herein, summarize and discuss not only recently discovered CO₂ reduction activities and structure-based enzyme engineering reinforcing the CO₂ reduction activity but also applications for a CO₂ refinery including electroenzymatic approaches, whole-cell biocatalytic systems, and multi-enzyme cascade reactions in detail. Especially, this review concentrates on as well as comprehensively discusses recent progress. Furthermore, innovative results discussed herein might provide revelaratory insights applicable for constructing a feasible CO₂ refinery system that utilizes CO₂ as an abundant, cheap, and sustainable feedstock in order to produce value-added fuels and chemicals.

甲酸酯脱氢酶（FDH）长期以来一直被认为是一种几乎不可逆的生物催化剂，可将甲酸氧化为CO ₂。但是，最近的研究清楚地证明，某些FDH（主要是包含NAD ⁺联结的/金属（W-或Mo-）的酶）能够可逆地转化CO ₂和甲酸酯，从而作为非光合CO ₂发挥重要作用。利用酶。在此，我们不仅总结和讨论了最近发现的CO ₂还原活性和增强CO ₂还原活性的基于结构的酶工程，而且还讨论了CO _2的应用炼油厂，包括电酶方法，全细胞生物催化系统和多酶级联反应的详细信息。特别是，本综述着重于并全面讨论了近期的进展。此外，本文讨论的创新结果可能提供揭示的启示，适用于构建可行的CO ₂精炼系统，该系统利用CO ₂作为丰富，廉价和可持续的原料来生产增值燃料和化学品。