Women represent ⅔ of the cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current research has focused on differential risks to explain higher rates of AD in women. However, factors that reduce risk for AD, like cognitive/brain reserve, are less well explored. We asked: what is known about sex and gender differences in how reserve mitigates risk for AD? We conducted a narrative review of the literature, with keywords: "sex/gender differences", "cognitive/brain reserve", "Alzheimer's Disease", and the following cognitive reserve contributors: "education", "IQ", "occupation", "cognitive stimulation", "bilingualism", "socioeconomic status", "physical activity", "social support". Sixteen papers disaggregated their data by sex. Those papers observed sex and gender differences in reserve contributors. There is also evidence that greater reserve may be more beneficial in lowering AD risk in women, although more research is needed. We discuss how traditional reserve contributors are gendered and may not capture factors that support cognition in aging women.

中文翻译：

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认知和大脑储备的性别和性别差异：对女性阿尔茨海默病的影响

女性占阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 病例的 1/3。目前的研究集中在不同的风险上，以解释女性 AD 发病率较高的原因。然而，对降低 AD 风险的因素（如认知/大脑储备）的研究较少。我们问：关于储备如何减轻 AD 风险的性别和性别差异，我们知道什么？我们对文献进行了叙述性回顾，关键词：“性别/性别差异”、“认知/大脑储备”、“阿尔茨海默病”，以及以下认知储备贡献者：“教育”、“智商”、“职业”、 “认知刺激”、“双语”、“社会经济地位”、“身体活动”、“社会支持”。16 篇论文按性别对数据进行了分类。这些论文观察了储备贡献者的性别和性别差异。还有证据表明，尽管需要更多的研究，但更大的储备可能更有助于降低女性的 AD 风险。我们讨论了传统的储备贡献者是如何性别化的，并且可能没有捕捉到支持老年女性认知的因素。