Nanobiomaterials (NBMs) are currently being tested in numerous biomedical applications, and their use is expected to grow rapidly in the near future. Many different types of nanomaterials are employed for a wide variety of different applications. Silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) have been investigated for their antibacterial, antifungal, and osteoinductive properties to be used in catheters, wound healing, dental applications, and bone healing. Polymeric nanoparticles such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are mainly studied for their ability to deliver cancer drugs as the body metabolizes them into simple compounds. However, most of these applications are still in the development stage and unavailable on the market, meaning that information on possible consumption, material flows, and concentrations in the environment is lacking. We thus modeled a realistic scenario involving several nano-Ag and PLGA applications which are already in use or likely to reach the market soon. We assumed their full market penetration in Europe in order to explore the prospective flows of NBMs and their environmental concentrations. The potential flows of three application-specific composite materials were also examined for one precise application each: Fe₃O₄PEG-PLGA used in drug delivery, MgHA-collagen used for bone tissue engineering, and PLLA-Ag applied in wound healing. Mean annual consumption in Europe, considering all realistic and probable applications of the respective NBMs, was estimated to be 5,650 kg of nano-Ag and 48,000 kg of PLGA. Mean annual consumption of the three application-specific materials under the full market penetration scenario was estimated to be 4,000 kg of Fe₃O₄PEG-PLGA, 58 kg of MgHA-collagen, and 24,300 kg of PLLA-Ag. A probabilistic material-flow model was used to quantify flows of the NBMs studied from production, through use, and on to end-of-life in the environment. The highest possible worst-case predicted environmental concentration (wc-PEC) were found to occur in sewage sludge, with 0.2 µg/kg of nano-Ag, 400 µg/kg of PLGA, 33 µg/kg of Fe₃O₄PEG-PLGA, 0.007 µg/kg of MgHA-collagen, and 2.9 µg/kg of PLLA-Ag. PLGA exhibited the highest concentration in all environmental compartments except natural and urban soil, where nano-Ag showed the highest concentration. The results showed that the distribution of NBMs into different environmental and technical compartments is strongly dependent on their type of application.

纳米生物材料（NBM）目前正在众多生物医学应用中进行测试，并且在不久的将来，其用途有望迅速增长。许多不同类型的纳米材料被用于各种各样的不同应用。已经研究了银纳米颗粒（纳米银）的抗菌，抗真菌和骨诱导特性，可用于导管，伤口愈合，牙科应用和骨愈合。主要研究聚合纳米颗粒，例如聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物（PLGA），因为它们可以将癌症药物代谢为简单的化合物，从而具有将癌症药物释放的能力。但是，这些应用程序中的大多数仍处于开发阶段，并且在市场上不可用，这意味着缺少有关可能的消耗量，物料流量和环境浓度的信息。因此，我们对涉及多个已在使用中或可能很快进入市场的纳米银和PLGA应用的现实情况进行了建模。我们假设它们在欧洲已完全进入市场，以便探索NBM的预期流量及其环境集中度。还针对一种精确的应用检查了三种特定用途复合材料的潜在流动：Fe用于药物输送的₃ O ₄ PEG-PLGA，用于骨组织工程的MgHA-胶原蛋白和用于伤口愈合的PLLA-Ag。考虑到各个NBM的所有现实和可能的应用，欧洲的平均年消费量估计为5,650千克纳米Ag和48,000千克PLGA。在完全市场渗透的情况下，三种专用材料的平均年消费量估计为4,000 kg Fe ₃ O _4。PEG-PLGA，58千克MgHA胶原蛋白和24,300千克PLLA-Ag。概率物质流模型用于量化从生产，使用到生命周期结束的NBM流量。发现最大可能的最坏情况预测环境浓度（wc-PEC）发生在污水污泥中，其中含有0.2 µg / kg的纳米Ag，400 µg / kg的PLGA，33 µg / kg的Fe ₃ O ₄ PEG- PLGA，0.007 µg / kg的MgHA-胶原蛋白和2.9 µg / kg的PLLA-Ag。除天然和城市土壤（纳米银含量最高）外，PLGA在所有环境区隔中均显示最高浓度。结果表明，NBM在不同环境和技术隔室中的分布在很大程度上取决于其应用类型。