Space and water heating contribute 62% and 21% of the residential greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) in Canada, respectively, which corresponds to 11% of the GHGs within the country. Because both space and water heating are dominated by natural gas, the carbon footprint of Canada could be significantly reduced with a shift towards clean space and water heating, such as heat pump water heaters (HPWHs). HPWHs use electricity but are between two and three times more efficient than electric water heaters (EWHs). However, while they operate, HPWHs cool nearby ambient air which increases natural gas-dominant space heating loads. Solar assisted HPWHs (SAHPWHs) may allow the GHG reductions of HPWHs to be realized without increased space heating loads. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of HPWHs and SAHPWHs in terms of their GHG reductions across Canada and the United States. It was found that the systems reduced GHGs compared to EWHs and natural gas water heaters (NGWHs) in many locations, as indicated graphically within this paper. The locations and electricity grid mixes which have potential for the greatest GHG reductions are shown in this paper.

中文翻译：

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加拿大和美国热泵热水器与空气太阳能集热器的温室气体排放分析


空间供暖和热水供暖分别占加拿大住宅温室气体排放 (GHG) 的 62% 和 21%，相当于该国国内温室气体排放的 11%。由于空间供暖和水供暖均以天然气为主，因此通过转向清洁空间和水供暖（例如热泵热水器 (HPWH)），加拿大的碳足迹可以显着减少。 HPWH 使用电力，但效率比电热水器 (EWH) 高两到三倍。然而，在运行时，HPWH 会冷却附近的环境空气，从而增加以天然气为主的空间热负荷。太阳能辅助 HPWH（SAHPWH）可以在不增加空间供暖负荷的情况下实现 HPWH 的温室气体减排。本研究的目的是评估加拿大和美国 HPWH 和 SAHPWH 在温室气体减排方面的可行性。结果发现，与 EWH 和天然气热水器 (NGWH) 相比，该系统在许多地方减少了温室气体排放，如本文中的图表所示。本文列出了具有最大温室气体减排潜力的地点和电网组合。