In natural ecosystems, living organisms are always subjected to a mixture of multiple heavy metals exposure, yet it is more common to study the effect of individual, rather than combined exposure. This study assessed the impacts of single or combined exposure to Cr and Cu on embryonic development, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and apoptosis in the early development of Bufo gargarizans embryos. The total length, development stage and malformations of embryos were measured, and the mRNA expression of genes related to oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and apoptosis at Gs 18 and Gs 22 were determined by RT-qPCR. The results showed that all treatments significantly reduced the total length of embryos, delayed the stage of embryonic development and increased the proportion of malformed embryos. The Cr-Cu mixture treatment showed the greatest suppression of embryonic development and induced the highest rate of embryo malformation, compared to individual Cr and Cu treatments. In addition, the expression levels of oxidative stress genes (HSP90, SOD and GPx) and fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes (ACOXL, ECHS1 and SCP) showed an up-regulated trend in treatments compared to control groups. Conversely, the lipid synthesis-related mRNA gene expressions (KAR, TECR, ACSL3 and ACSL4) were down-regulated. Among them, the Cr-Cu mixture had the greatest impact on lipid metabolism gene expression. The treatments showed significant effects on the expression of apoptosis genes (Bcl-1 and Bax), with Bcl-1 mRNA expression increasing and Bax mRNA expression decreasing. These results indicated that exposure to individual Cr, Cu and a Cr-Cu mixture can lead to oxidative stress, disrupt lipid metabolism and promote apoptosis, and the Cr-Cu mixture could cause more serious negative effects on B. gargarizans embryos than Cr or Cu individually.

在自然生态系统中，生命有机体总是会遭受多种重金属的混合暴露，但是研究单个而不是联合暴露的影响更为普遍。这项研究评估了单一或联合暴露于铬和铜对中华蟾蜍早期发育中胚胎发育，氧化应激，脂质代谢和细胞凋亡的影响。胚胎。测量了胚胎的总长度，发育阶段和畸形，并通过RT-qPCR测定了与氧化应激，脂质代谢和细胞凋亡相关的基因在mRNA 18和22的mRNA表达。结果表明，所有处理均显着缩短了胚胎的总长度，延迟了胚胎的发育阶段，并增加了畸形胚胎的比例。与单独的Cr和Cu处理相比，Cr-Cu混合物处理显示出对胚胎发育的最大抑制，并诱导了最高的畸形率。此外，氧化应激基因（HSP90，SOD和GPx）和脂肪酸β氧化相关基因（ACOXL，与对照组相比，ECHS1和SCP）在治疗中显示出上调的趋势。相反，脂质合成相关的mRNA基因表达（KAR，TECR，ACSL3和ACSL4）被下调。其中，Cr-Cu混合物对脂质代谢基因表达的影响最大。治疗对凋亡基因Bcl-1和Bax的表达有显着影响，Bcl-1 mRNA表达增加，Bax升高。mRNA表达下降。这些结果表明，暴露于单个的Cr，Cu和Cr-Cu混合物可导致氧化应激，破坏脂质代谢并促进细胞凋亡，并且与Cr或Cu相比，Cr-Cu混合物对琼脂双歧杆菌的胚胎产生更严重的负面影响。个别地。