Abstract Plant-associated bacterial communities are important contributors towards plant health and productivity, and are increasingly acknowledged for having the potential to alter plants' response to climate extremes, such as drought. Viticulture is generally conducted in areas that are prone to seasonal water deficit, and irrigation is the common way to counter this. In addition, soil conservation measures, such as cover cropping and no-tillage, are increasingly used. However, the effect of these management practices, in particular in viticulture, on soil bacterial communities remains unclear. Therefore, the objective was to examine the effect of irrigation and tillage on shaping soil bacterial communities associated with different grapevine cultivars, at different plant phenological stages. We conducted an experiment whereby we examined the soil bacterial community of three Vitis vinifera L. (grapevine) cultivars (two indigenous and one international, grown at different locations in the same vineyard) under different management practices (irrigated and non-irrigated, tillage and no-tillage). Since there is evidence that plant phenology can also affect soil microbial communities, we sampled soil at three different plant developmental stages (flowering, veraison and harvest). Soil bacterial communities primarily correlated with cultivar and location. At harvest we observed a link between bacterial communities and grape quality and yield measures and at all stages with soil physicochemical properties. A number of taxa were enriched in one or two cultivars, but these were generally in low abundance in our dataset. We also found an effect of plant phenology and management practices within each cultivar. For the two indigenous cultivars, soil bacterial communities at the flowering stage were most distinct, while for the international cultivar it was at the veraison stage. However, for all three cultivars, this effect differed by tillage treatment: bacterial communities in the tillage treatment varied by plant phenology, but in the no-tillage treatment less difference was observed, suggesting a buffering effect. While irrigation did lead to changes in bacterial communities, the effect was not as strong as that of the other factors. Our results show that soil bacterial communities in grapevines are shaped by both plant-associated effects (i.e. cultivar and plant phenological stage) and environmental variables (i.e. soil management and soil physicochemical properties), and importantly, that these factors have an interactive effect. Future research on soil bacterial communities in grapevines should take this variability into account, as well as focusing on its functional implications.

中文翻译：

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葡萄藤（Vitis vinifera L.）的细菌群落动态随土壤管理和灌溉实践而变化

摘要 植物相关细菌群落是植物健康和生产力的重要贡献者，并且因具有改变植物对极端气候（如干旱）反应的潜力而日益受到认可。葡萄栽培通常在容易出现季节性缺水的地区进行，灌溉是解决这一问题的常用方法。此外，越来越多地使用土壤保持措施，例如覆盖作物和免耕。然而，这些管理实践，尤其是葡萄栽培，对土壤细菌群落的影响仍不清楚。因此，目的是检查灌溉和耕作对不同葡萄栽培品种、不同植物物候阶段的土壤细菌群落形成的影响。我们进行了一项实验，在此实验中，我们检查了三种 Vitis vinifera L.（葡萄）栽培品种（两种本土品种和一种国际品种，在同一葡萄园的不同地点种植）在不同管理实践（灌溉和非灌溉、耕作和耕作）下的土壤细菌群落。免耕）。由于有证据表明植物物候也会影响土壤微生物群落，我们在三个不同的植物发育阶段（开花、转色和收获）对土壤进行采样。土壤细菌群落主要与栽培品种和位置相关。在收获时，我们观察到细菌群落与葡萄质量和产量指标之间以及在所有阶段与土壤理化特性之间的联系。许多分类群在一两个栽培品种中富集，但在我们的数据集中，这些分类群的丰度通常较低。我们还发现了每个品种中植物物候学和管理实践的影响。两个本土栽培品种开花期土壤细菌群落最为明显，而国际栽培品种则处于转色期。然而，对于所有三个品种，这种效果因耕作处理而异：耕作处理中的细菌群落因植物物候而异，但在免耕处理中观察到的差异较小，表明存在缓冲作用。虽然灌溉确实导致了细菌群落的变化，但其影响不如其他因素强。我们的结果表明，葡萄藤中的土壤细菌群落受植物相关效应（即栽培品种和植物物候阶段）和环境变量（即 土壤管理和土壤理化特性），重要的是，这些因素具有交互作用。未来对葡萄藤土壤细菌群落的研究应考虑到这种变异性，并关注其功能影响。