Phenological stages and allelic variation of vernalization and photoperiod response genes play an important role in wheat environmental adaptation and grain yield. In the present study, phenological stages of 260 Iranian wheat landraces and cultivars were studied during two cropping years. In addition, allelic variation of vernalization and photoperiod markers were also investigated to identify the genetic basis of different phenological stages. Ppd-D1 and then Ppd-B1 were highly variable in cultivars and landraces, while Ppd-A1 showed lower variation. Distribution patterns of allele frequency in Vrn-B1b, Ppd-D1b-D001, and Ppd-D1 markers were remarkably different in cultivars and landraces. About 98% and 96% of landraces showed photoperiod-sensitive allele of Ppd-D1b-D001 and Ppd-D1 markers, respectively, while most of cultivars had photoperiod-insensitive alleles. The frequency of Vrn-B1a was 82.2% in cultivars and 100% in landraces. However, Vrn-A1a-E4 was 43% and 79% in cultivar and landraces, respectively. We have found that Ppd-D1, Ppd-B1, and Vrn-A1 have a decisive effect on phenological stages and the combination of Ppd-B1a, Ppd-D1b, and Vrn-A1b is the most abundant allelic compound. The combination of aaa, bbb, and aab alleles for these three loci led to increased yield, thousand kernel weight (TKW), and grain filling period and shortening of phenological stages. Cluster analysis based on phenological stages and growing degree-days (GDD) of phenological stages clearly separated cultivars from landraces. This clustering pattern was consistent with marker data. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive insight into the basis of genetic control of the phenological stages of Iranian wheat landraces and cultivars. Therefore, this information can be used to select desirable genotypes in future breeding programs.

中文翻译：

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春化和光周期位点对伊朗小麦地方品种和栽培品种物候性状和籽粒产量和分化的交互作用

春化和光周期响应基因的物候阶段和等位基因变异在小麦环境适应和谷物产量中起着重要作用。在本研究中，研究了 260 种伊朗小麦地方品种和栽培品种在两个种植年度的物候阶段。此外，还研究了春化和光周期标记的等位基因变异，以确定不同物候阶段的遗传基础。Ppd-D1 和 Ppd-B1 在栽培品种和地方品种中变异很大，而 Ppd-A1 表现出较低的变异。Vrn-B1b、Ppd-D1b-D001和Ppd-D1标记中等位基因频率的分布模式在栽培品种和地方品种中存在显着差异。大约 98% 和 96% 的地方品种分别显示 Ppd-D1b-D001 和 Ppd-D1 标记的光周期敏感等位基因，而大多数品种具有光周期不敏感的等位基因。Vrn-B1a 的频率在栽培品种中为 82.2%，在地方品种中为 100%。然而，Vrn-A1a-E4 在栽培品种和地方品种中分别为 43% 和 79%。我们发现 Ppd-D1、Ppd-B1 和 Vrn-A1 对物候阶段具有决定性影响，并且 Ppd-B1a、Ppd-D1b 和 Vrn-A1b 的组合是最丰富的等位基因化合物。这三个基因座的 aaa、bbb 和 aab 等位基因的组合导致产量、千粒重 (TKW) 和籽粒灌浆期增加，并缩短物候阶段。基于物候阶段和物候阶段的生长期 (GDD) 的聚类分析清楚地将栽培品种与地方品种区分开来。这种聚类模式与标记数据一致。这项研究的结果为伊朗小麦地方品种和品种物候阶段的遗传控制基础提供了全面的见解。因此，该信息可用于在未来的育种计划中选择所需的基因型。