The genetic diversity of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) remains undescribed in some parts of its natural distribution range, concretely in those subspecies inhabiting central and southeastern Europe: the globally distributed A. m. ligustica and A. m. carnica, and A. m. cecropia and A. m. macedonica. In this study, we add further information about their genetic variation, differentiation, and admixture using maternal and codominant (microsatellites) molecular markers. The phylogeographic analysis demonstrated the distinct distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes across the sampled geographic range. Cluster analysis detected two main groups of colonies while further discriminant analysis of the principal components supported the existence of ecotypes within A. m carnica and A. m. macedonica, and admixture of them. The extent of introgression and the presence of foreign haplotypes in some of these populations suggested that introductions of non-native subspecies represent a serious threat to the genetic integrity of native honey bee populations due to the creation of hybrid populations.

中文翻译：

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基因渗入威胁到旧世界蜜蜂的广泛遗传多样性

蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）的遗传多样性在其自然分布范围的某些部分仍未得到描述，特别是在居住在欧洲中部和东南部的那些亚种：全球分布的 A. m. ligustica 和 A. m. 卡尼卡和 A. m. cecroopia 和 A. m. 马其顿。在这项研究中，我们使用母体和共显性（微卫星）分子标记添加了有关其遗传变异、分化和混合的更多信息。系统地理学分析表明，线粒体单倍型在采样的地理范围内有明显的分布。聚类分析检测到两组主要的菌落，而对主要成分的进一步判别分析支持 A. m carnica 和 A. m. 中存在生态型。马其顿，以及它们的混合物。