Agriculture is an indispensable part of any country to feed the millions of people but it is under constant threat of pests. To protect the crops from this huge yield loss recently, chemical pesticides are used. Though chemical pesticides have shown effective results in killing the crop pests, it causes negative impact on the environment as well as humans. So to find an eco-friendly alternative, biological control methods are being used. Biological control is a great renaissance of interest and research in microbiological balance to control soil-borne plant pathogens and leads to the development of a better farming system. In biological control, genus Trichoderma serves as one of the best bioagents, which is found to be effective against a wide range of soil and foliar pathogens. Genus Trichoderma is a soil inhabiting green filamentous fungus, which belongs to the division Ascomycota. The efficacy of Trichoderma depends on many abiotic parameters such as soil pH, water retention, temperature and presence of heavy metals. The biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. is due to their complex interaction with plant pathogens either by parasitizing them, secreting antibiotics or by competing for space and nutrients. During mycoparasitic interactions, production of hydrolytic enzymes such as glucanase, chitinase and protease and also signalling pathways are initiated by Trichoderma spp. and the important ones are Heterotrimeric G protein, MAP kinase and cAMP pathway. G protein and MAPK are mainly involved in secretion of antifungal metabolites and the formation of infection structures. cAMP pathway helps in the condition and coiling of Trichoderma mycelium on pathogenic fungi and inhibits their proliferation. Trichoderma being an efficient biocontrol agent, their characteristics and mechanisms should be well understood to apply them in field conditions to restrict the proliferation of phytopathogens.

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木霉：一种有益的抗真菌剂及其对生物防治潜力的见解

农业是任何国家养活数百万人必不可少的一部分，但它始终受到有害生物的威胁。为了保护农作物免受这种巨大的单产损失，我们使用了化学农药。尽管化学农药在杀灭农作物害虫方面已显示出有效的结果，但它对环境和人类造成了负面影响。因此，为了找到生态友好的替代方案，正在使用生物防治方法。生物控制引起了人们的极大兴趣，并开始研究微生物平衡来控制土壤传播的植物病原体，并导致了更好的耕作制度的发展。在生物防治中，木霉属是最好的生物制剂之一，被发现对多种土壤和叶面病原体均有效。木霉属是居住在绿色丝状真菌中的土壤，属于Ascomycota部门 木霉的功效取决于许多非生物参数，例如土壤pH值，保水性，温度和重金属的存在。木霉属菌的生防潜力。这是由于它们与植物病原体之间的复杂相互作用，要么是寄生它们，分泌抗生素，要么是争夺空间和营养。在霉菌寄生相互作用中，木霉属物种开始产生水解酶（例如葡聚糖酶，几丁质酶和蛋白酶）以及信号传导途径。重要的是异三聚体G蛋白，MAP激酶和cAMP途径。G蛋白和MAPK主要参与抗真菌代谢物的分泌和感染结构的形成。cAMP途径有助于致病真菌上木霉菌丝体的病状和卷曲，并抑制其增殖。木霉是一种有效的生物防治剂，应充分了解其特性和机理，以将其应用于田间条件下以限制植物病原体的繁殖。