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Ethnoichthyology of freshwater fish in Europe: a review of vanishing traditional fisheries and their cultural significance in changing landscapes from the later medieval period with a focus on northern Europe
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-30 , DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00410-3
Ingvar Svanberg , Alison Locker

Fishing is probably one of the oldest economic activities in the history of humankind. Lakes, rivers and streams in Europe are important elements in the European landscape with a rich diversity of fish and other aquatic organisms. Artisanal fisheries have therefore been of great importance for the provision of food, but also animal feed, medicine, fertilizer and other needs. These fishermen had a deep knowledge about the waterscape and its biota. However, ethnoichthyology remains a small topic within contemporary ethnobiology in Europe. Our focus lies within northern Europe in the late medieval to modern period, but encompasses the wider area with some reference to earlier periods where informative. We have reviewed a large amount of literature mainly on the relationship between man and fish in freshwaters from late medieval times (defined here as the fifteenth century) until the early twenty-first century. The main focus is on freshwater (including anadromous and catadromous) fish in northern Europe, the main area of study for both authors, though examples have been included from elsewhere to indicate the widespread importance of these fisheries. The review includes studies from various fields such as archaeology, ethnography, fish biology, geography, linguistics and osteology to map what has been studied of interest in ethnoichthyology. These data have been analysed and critically reviewed. There are archaeozoological studies, studies of specialised fishers as well as artisanal fishing among the peasantry, research of folk taxonomies, fishing methods (including the use of poison) and gear, which are all of great interest for ethnoichthyology. There is also research on traditional preserving methods for fish as food and for other purposes. Of interest is the keeping of fish in wells, ponds and aquaria. However, there is still room for more research within many domains of ethnoichthyology. Humans have always utilized fish and other aquatic resources. Nonetheless, few ethnobiologists working within Europe are so far researching human-fish relationships. This paper demonstrates the range of research available, but also points to future studies. It is important to widen ethnobiological research in Europe to include fish.

中文翻译:

欧洲淡水鱼的民族志学:回顾消失的传统渔业及其在中世纪后期对景观变化的文化意义,重点是北欧

捕鱼可能是人类历史上最古老的经济活动之一。欧洲的湖泊,河流和溪流是欧洲景观中的重要元素,鱼类和其他水生生物种类丰富。因此,手工渔业对于提供食物以及动物饲料,药品,化肥和其他需求极为重要。这些渔民对水景及其生物区系有深刻的了解。但是,民族鱼类学仍然是欧洲当代民族生物学中的一个小话题。我们的重点是中世纪晚期至现代时期的北欧地区,但涵盖范围更广,并参考了较早的内容丰富的地区。我们已经审查了大量有关中世纪晚期(这里定义为15世纪)到21世纪初的淡水中人与鱼之间关系的文献。北欧的主要研究对象是淡水鱼(包括淡水和过水鱼类),这是两位作者的主要研究领域,尽管其他地方的例子也表明了这些渔业的广泛重要性。该综述包括来自考古学,人种学,鱼类生物学,地理学,语言学和骨病学等各个领域的研究,以绘制出对民族鱼种学感兴趣的研究的地图。这些数据已经过分析和严格审查。考古学研究,专门渔民研究以及农民中的手工捕鱼,民间分类法研究,捕捞方法(包括使用毒药)和渔具,这对种族鱼类学非常感兴趣。也有关于鱼类作为食物和其他目的的传统保存方法的研究。有趣的是在井,池塘和水族馆中养鱼。但是,在民族鱼类学的许多领域中仍有进行更多研究的空间。人类一直利用鱼类和其他水生资源。尽管如此,到目前为止,在欧洲工作的民族生物学家很少有人在研究人与鱼的关系。本文展示了可用的研究范围,但也指出了未来的研究。重要的是扩大欧洲的人类生物学研究范围,将鱼类包括在内。也有关于鱼类作为食物和其他目的的传统保存方法的研究。有趣的是在井,池塘和水族馆中养鱼。但是,在民族鱼类学的许多领域中仍有进行更多研究的空间。人类一直利用鱼类和其他水生资源。尽管如此,到目前为止,在欧洲工作的民族生物学家很少有人在研究人与鱼的关系。本文展示了可用的研究范围,但也指出了未来的研究。重要的是扩大欧洲的人类生物学研究范围,将鱼类包括在内。也有关于鱼类作为食物和其他目的的传统保存方法的研究。有趣的是在井,池塘和水族馆中养鱼。但是,在民族鱼类学的许多领域中仍有进行更多研究的空间。人类一直利用鱼类和其他水生资源。尽管如此,到目前为止,在欧洲工作的民族生物学家很少有人在研究人与鱼的关系。本文展示了可用的研究范围,但也指出了未来的研究。重要的是扩大欧洲的人类生物学研究范围,将鱼类包括在内。迄今为止,在欧洲工作的民族生物学家中很少有人研究人与鱼的关系。本文展示了可用的研究范围,但也指出了未来的研究。重要的是扩大欧洲的人类生物学研究范围,将鱼类包括在内。迄今为止,在欧洲工作的民族生物学家很少有人在研究人与鱼的关系。本文展示了可用的研究范围,但也指出了未来的研究。重要的是扩大欧洲的人类生物学研究范围,将鱼类包括在内。
更新日期:2020-10-30
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