Across insects, wing shape and size have undergone dramatic divergence even in closely related sister groups, but we do not yet know morphology changes in tandem with kinematics to support body weight within available aerodynamic power and how the specific force production patterns are linked to changes in behavior. Hawkmoths and wild silkmoths are two such diverse sister families with divergent wing morphology. Using 3d kinematics and quasi-steady aerodynamic modeling, we compare the aerodynamics and the contributions of wing shape, size, and kinematics in 10 moth species. We find that wing movement also diverges between the clades and underlies two distinct strategies for flight. Hawkmoths use wing kinematics, especially high frequencies, to enhance force, but wing morphologies that reduces power. Silkmoths use wing morphology to enhance force, and high amplitude wingstrokes to reduce power. Both strategies converge on similar aerodynamic power and can support similar body mass ranges, but their within-wingstroke force profiles are quite different and linked to the hovering flight of hawkmoths and the bobbing flight of silkmoths. These two groups of moths each fly more like other, distantly related insects than they do each other, demonstrating the convergence and diversity of flapping flight evolution.

中文翻译：

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飞蛾两种不同策略的演变

在昆虫中，即使在密切相关的姐妹群体中，翅膀的形状和大小也经历了巨大的差异，但我们还不知道与运动学相关的形态变化以在可用的空气动力功率范围内支撑体重，以及特定的力产生模式如何与行为。天蛾和野生蚕是两个具有不同翅膀形态的多样化姐妹科。使用 3d 运动学和准稳态空气动力学建模，我们比较了 10 种飞蛾的空气动力学和机翼形状、大小和运动学的贡献。我们发现机翼运动在进化枝之间也存在分歧，并且是两种不同的飞行策略的基础。鹰蛾使用机翼运动学，尤其是高频，来增强力，但机翼形态会降低功率。蚕利用翅膀形态来增强力量，和高幅度的翼击来降低功率。两种策略都集中在相似的空气动力上，可以支持相似的体重范围，但它们的翼内力分布完全不同，并且与天蛾的盘旋飞行和蚕的摆动飞行有关。这两组飞蛾各自飞得更像其他远亲昆虫，而不是彼此，展示了扑翼飞行进化的趋同性和多样性。