Quantum computing is an emerging paradigm with the potential to offer significant computational advantage over conventional classical computing by exploiting quantum-mechanical principles such as entanglement and superposition. It is anticipated that this computational advantage of quantum computing will help to solve many complex and computationally intractable problems in several areas of research such as drug design, data science, clean energy, finance, industrial chemical development, secure communications, and quantum chemistry, among others. In recent years, tremendous progress in both quantum hardware development and quantum software/algorithm have brought quantum computing much closer to reality. As the quantum devices are expected to steadily scale up in the next few years, quantum decoherence and qubit interconnectivity are two of the major challenges to achieve quantum advantage in the NISQ era. Quantum computing is a highly topical and fast-moving field of research with significant ongoing progress in all facets. A systematic review of the existing literature on quantum computing will be invaluable to understand the current status of this emerging field and identify open challenges for the quantum computing community in the coming years. This review article presents a comprehensive review of quantum computing literature, and taxonomy of quantum computing. Further, the proposed taxonomy is used to map various related studies to identify the research gaps. A detailed overview of quantum software tools and technologies, post-quantum cryptography and quantum computer hardware development to document the current state-of-the-art in the respective areas. We finish the article by highlighting various open challenges and promising future directions for research.

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量子计算：分类、系统回顾和未来方向

量子计算是一种新兴范式，通过利用纠缠和叠加等量子力学原理，有可能提供比传统经典计算更显着的计算优势。预计量子计算的这种计算优势将有助于解决多个研究领域中的许多复杂且计算上难以处理的问题，例如药物设计、数据科学、清洁能源、金融、工业化学品开发、安全通信和量子化学等。其他。近年来，量子硬件开发和量子软件/算法的巨大进步使量子计算更接近现实。随着量子设备有望在未来几年稳步扩大，量子退相干和量子位互连是 NISQ 时代实现量子优势的两大挑战。量子计算是一个高度热门且快速发展的研究领域，在各个方面都取得了重大进展。对现有量子计算文献的系统回顾对于了解这一新兴领域的现状并确定未来几年量子计算社区面临的开放挑战将是非常宝贵的。这篇评论文章全面回顾了量子计算文献和量子计算分类。此外，提议的分类法用于绘制各种相关研究，以确定研究差距。量子软件工具和技术的详细概述，后量子密码学和量子计算机硬件开发，以记录各自领域的当前技术水平。我们通过强调各种开放性挑战和有希望的未来研究方向来结束这篇文章。