According to the Kardashev scale, possible Type-II and above civilizations could use energy sources of the universe in different ways. Self-replicator von Neumann probes believed to invade any galaxies in various studies could also have uses for gaining energy, in which Dyson swarm structures are likely to consist of probes that could emit energy from any luminous celestial object is to be considered first. On addressing some possible dynamical properties of probes, the study has examined in which size and populations they could enfold a star and how they could have observational evidences according to relevant star's energy output. On the basis of our solar system, it has also been shown using a weighted-directed network structure what kind of population and route they could have in case of spreading to the nearest-neighbouring stars.

中文翻译：

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冯诺依曼探测器的戴森群：前景和预测

根据卡尔达舍夫量表，可能的II型及以上文明可以以不同的方式使用宇宙的能源。在各种研究中被认为侵入任何星系的自我复制型冯诺依曼探测器也可用于获取能量，其中戴森群结构可能由可以从任何发光天体发射能量的探测器组成，这将首先被考虑。在解决探测器的一些可能的动力学特性时，该研究检查了它们可以包围一颗恒星的大小和种群，以及它们如何根据相关恒星的能量输出获得观测证据。在我们的太阳系的基础上，使用加权有向网络结构也显示了在传播到最近邻星的情况下它们可以拥有什么样的人口和路线。