Abstract With the rapid growth of economics and nanotechnology, a significant portion of the anthropogenic emissions of heavy metals and nanoparticles (NPs) enters wastewater streams and discharges to wastewater treatment plants, thereby potentially posing a risk to the bacteria that facilitate the successful operation of the enhanced biological phosphorus (P) removal (EBPR) process. Although some efforts have been made to obtain detailed insights into the effects of heavy metals and metal (oxide) nanoparticles [Me(O)NPs], many unanswered questions remain. One question is whether the toxicity of Me(O)NPs originates from the released metal ions. This review aims to holistically evaluate the effects of heavy metals and Me(O)NPs. The interactions among extracellular polymeric substances, P, and heavy metals [Me(O)NPs] are presented and discussed for the first time. The potential mechanisms of the toxicity of heavy metals [Me(O)NPs] are summarized. Additionally, mathematical models of the toxicity and removal of P, heavy metals, and Me(O)NPs are overviewed. Finally, knowledge gaps and opportunities for further study are discussed to pave the way for fully understanding the inhibition of heavy metals [Me(O)NPs] and for reducing their inhibitory effect to maximize the reliability of the EBPR process.

中文翻译：

---

重金属和金属（氧化物）纳米粒子对增强生物除磷的影响

摘要 随着经济和纳米技术的快速发展，人为排放的重金属和纳米颗粒 (NPs) 的很大一部分进入废水流并排放到废水处理厂，从而潜在地对促进污水处理厂成功运行的细菌构成风险。增强生物除磷 (P) (EBPR) 工艺。尽管已经做出了一些努力来详细了解重金属和金属（氧化物）纳米粒子 [Me(O)NPs] 的影响，但仍有许多悬而未决的问题。一个问题是 Me(O)NPs 的毒性是否源于释放的金属离子。本综述旨在全面评估重金属和 Me(O)NPs 的影响。胞外聚合物之间的相互作用，P，和重金属 [Me(O)NPs] 被首次提出和讨论。总结了重金属 [Me(O)NPs] 毒性的潜在机制。此外，还概述了 P、重金属和 Me(O)NPs 的毒性和去除的数学模型。最后，讨论了知识差距和进一步研究的机会，为充分理解重金属 [Me(O)NPs] 的抑制作用和降低其抑制作用以最大限度地提高 EBPR 过程的可靠性铺平了道路。