Purpose of review 

The purpose of this review is to describe epidemiologic and toxicological literature investigating how endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect mammary gland development and function, thereby impacting lactation duration.

Recent findings 

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances appear to reduce breastfeeding duration through impaired mammary gland development, lactogenesis, and suppressed endocrine signaling. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons have differing associations with lactation duration, likely because of the variety of signaling pathways that they affect, pointing to the importance of complex mixtures in epidemiologic studies. Although epidemiologic literature suggests that pesticides and fungicides decrease or have no effect on lactation duration, toxicology literature suggests enhanced mammary gland development through estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic pathways. Toxicological studies suggest that phthalates may affect mammary gland development via estrogenic pathways but no association with lactation duration has been observed. Bisphenol A was associated with decreased duration of breastfeeding, likely through direct and indirect action on estrogenic pathways.

Summary 

EDCs play a role in mammary gland development, function, and lactogenesis, which can affect breastfeeding duration. Further research should explore direct mechanisms of EDCs on lactation, the significance of toxicant mixtures, and transgenerational effects of EDCs on lactation.

中文翻译：

---

内分泌干​​扰化学物质和母乳喂养持续时间：综述

 审查目的

本综述的目的是描述流行病学和毒理学文献，研究内分泌干扰化学物质(EDC) 如何影响乳腺发育和功能，从而影响哺乳持续时间。

 最近的发现

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质似乎会通过损害乳腺发育、泌乳和抑制内分泌信号来缩短母乳喂养时间。卤代芳香烃与哺乳期持续时间有不同的关联，可能是因为它们影响多种信号通路，这表明复杂混合物在流行病学研究中的重要性。尽管流行病学文献表明杀虫剂和杀菌剂会减少哺乳期或对哺乳期没有影响，但毒理学文献表明通过雌激素和/或抗雄激素途径增强乳腺发育。毒理学研究表明，邻苯二甲酸盐可能通过雌激素途径影响乳腺发育，但尚未观察到与哺乳时间的关联。双酚 A 可能通过对雌激素途径的直接和间接作用而与母乳喂养持续时间缩短有关。

 概括

EDC 在乳腺发育、功能和泌乳中发挥作用，从而影响母乳喂养持续时间。进一步的研究应探索 EDC 对泌乳的直接机制、有毒混合物的意义以及 EDC 对泌乳的跨代影响。