Disturbances have shaped most terrestrial ecosystems for millennia and are natural and essential components of ecological systems. However, direct and indirect human activities during the Anthropocene have amplified disturbances globally. This amplification, coupled with increasingly unfavorable post-disturbance climatic conditions or ecosystem management that intensifies the initial disturbance, is compromising the resilience of some ecosystems, with cascading effects on Earth system function and ecosystem services. Such dynamics are especially prevalent in forests, which are one of the most important ecosystems on Earth and provide countless ecosystem services for people and nonhuman species. Although climate change and its effects are ubiquitous, they do vary spatially in their intensity, and many ecological systems are more affected by changing land use than by changing climate. Understanding the geographic variation in relationships and feedbacks among climate, vegetation, disturbances, regeneration, and human activity is necessary for developing management strategies that will promote forest resilience (i.e., facilitate ecosystems tolerating and recovering from novel or intensified perturbations without shifting to alternative states controlled by different processes). Successful management strategies will vary geographically depending on the degree of departure from the ecological dynamics that preceded the Anthropocene and the spatial variability in drivers of change. As global environmental change accelerates, conservation areas, and the species and ecosystem services that rely on them, are particularly vulnerable. Where disturbances increase, expanding the size of protected areas and minimizing secondary anthropogenic disturbances are likely to be the only ways to maintain the minimum dynamic area that will cultivate adequate resilience.

干扰已经影响了数千年的大多数陆地生态系统，是生态系统的自然和重要组成部分。然而，人类世期间人类的直接和间接活动在全球范围内加剧了干扰。这种放大，再加上扰乱后的气候条件或生态系统管理日益不利，加剧了最初的扰动，损害了某些生态系统的复原力，对地球系统功能和生态系统服务产生连锁效应。这种动态在森林中尤其普遍，森林是地球上最重要的生态系统之一，为人类和非人类物种提供了无数的生态系统服务。尽管气候变化及其影响无处不在，但它们的强度确实在空间上有所不同，与土地变化相比，气候变化对许多生态系统的影响更大。了解气候，植被，干扰，更新和人类活动之间的关系和反馈的地理变化，对于制定可提高森林适应力的管理策略（即，促进生态系统在新的或加剧的干扰下耐受并从中恢复而无需转移至其他受控状态）是必不可少的。通过不同的流程）。成功的管理策略将在地理上有所不同，具体取决于人类世之前生态动态的偏离程度以及变化驱动因素的空间变异性。随着全球环境变化的加速，保护区以及依赖它们的物种和生态系统服务特别脆弱。