Cardiac arrhythmias are among the leading causes of mortality. They often arise from alterations in the electrophysiological properties of cardiac cells, and their underlying ionic mechanisms. It is therefore critical to further unravel the patho-physiology of the ionic basis of human cardiac electrophysiology in health and disease. In the first part of this review, current knowledge on the differences in ion channel expression and properties of the ionic processes that determine the morphology and properties of cardiac action potentials and calcium dynamics from cardiomyocytes in different regions of the heart are described. Then the cellular mechanisms promoting arrhythmias in congenital or acquired conditions of ion channel function (electrical remodelling) are discussed. The focus is human relevant findings obtained with clinical, experimental and computational studies, given that interspecies differences make the extrapolation from animal experiments to the human clinical settings difficult. Deepening the understanding of the diverse patholophysiology of human cellular electrophysiology will help developing novel and effective antiarrhythmic strategies for specific subpopulations and disease conditions.

中文翻译：

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心脏跨膜离子通道和动作电位：细胞生理学和致心律失常行为

心律失常是导致死亡的主要原因之一。它们通常由心肌细胞电生理特性及其潜在离子机制的改变引起。因此，进一步阐明健康和疾病中人类心脏电生理学离子基础的病理生理学至关重要。在这篇综述的第一部分中，描述了离子通道表达差异和离子过程特性的差异，这些特性决定了心脏不同区域心肌细胞的心脏动作电位和钙动力学的形态和特性。然后讨论了在离子通道功能（电重构）的先天性或获得性条件下促进心律失常的细胞机制。重点是通过临床获得的人类相关发现，实验和计算研究，因为种间差异使得从动物实验外推到人类临床环境变得困难。加深对人类细胞电生理学的多种病理生理学的理解，将有助于针对特定亚群和疾病状况开发新颖有效的抗心律失常策略。