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Herbivory and pollination impact on the evolution of herbivore‐induced plasticity in defense and floral traits
Evolution Letters ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-26 , DOI: 10.1002/evl3.200
Sergio E. Ramos 1, 2 , Florian P. Schiestl 1
Affiliation  

Theory predicts that herbivory should primarily determine the evolution of herbivore‐induced plasticity in plant defenses, but little is known about the influence of other interactions such as pollination. Pollinators may exert negative selection on the herbivore‐induced plasticity of chemical defenses when floral signals and rewards are indirectly affected, provoking deterrent effects on these mutualists. We investigated the influence of constant herbivory and pollination on the evolved patterns and degree of herbivore‐induced plasticity in chemical plant defenses and floral morphometry and volatiles in fast‐cycling Brassica rapa plants. To do this, we used plants from an evolution experiment that had evolved under bee/hand pollination and herbivory manipulated in a 2 × 2 factorial design during six generations, producing four selection treatments. We grew sibling plant pairs from each of the four selection treatments of the last generation and infested one group with herbivores and left the other uninfested. Herbivore‐induced plasticity was analyzed within‐ and between‐selection treatments. We found support for the hypothesis that constant herbivory favors the evolution of higher constitutive yet lower herbivore‐induced plasticity in defenses. However, this only occurred in plants that evolved under hand pollination and constant herbivory. Bee pollination had a strong influence on the evolution of herbivore‐induced plasticity of all traits studied. Plants that evolved under bee pollination, with and without constant herbivory, showed remarkably similar patterns of herbivore‐induced plasticity in their defense‐ and floral traits and had a higher number of plastic responses compared to plants with hand pollination. Such patterns support the hypothesis that bee pollination influenced the evolution of herbivore‐induced plasticity, most likely via indirect effects, such as links between defense‐ and floral traits. We conclude that interactions other than herbivory, such as pollination, may impact herbivore‐induced plasticity, through indirect effects and metabolic trade‐offs, when it contributes to trait evolution in plants.

中文翻译:

草食和授粉对防御和花卉性状中草食动物诱导的可塑性的进化影响

理论预测,草食动物应首先决定草食动物在植物防御系统中诱导的可塑性的演变,但对其他相互作用(如授粉)的影响知之甚少。当花卉信号和奖励受到间接影响时,授粉媒介可能会对草食动物诱导的化学防御系统的可塑性施加负面选择,从而对这些互惠生产生威慑作用。我们调查了持续食草和授粉对化学植物防御中食草动物诱导的可塑性演变模式和程度以及快速循环的甘蓝型油菜形态和挥发物的影响植物。为此,我们使用了来自进化实验的植物,该植物在蜜蜂/手授粉条件下进化,并以2×2因子设计操纵了草食动物,共六代,产生了四种选择处理。我们从上一代的四种选择处理方法的每一种中培育了同胞植物对,并用草食动物侵染了一组,而未侵染另一组。在选择过程中和选择过程之间分析了草食动物诱发的可塑性。我们发现支持这样的假说,即恒定的草食性有利于防御性中较高的组成性但草食动物诱导的可塑性下降。但是,这仅在手工授粉和恒定食草性条件下进化的植物中发生。蜜蜂授粉对草食动物诱导的所有性状的可塑性的演变有很大的影响。在蜜蜂授粉条件下生长的植物,无论是否具有恒定的食草性,与具有手工授粉的植物相比,在防御和花卉特征上均表现出相似的食草动物诱导的可塑性模式,并且具有更高的可塑性响应。这种模式支持以下假设:蜜蜂授粉影响了草食动物诱导的可塑性的演变,很可能是通过间接作用(例如防御性和花性之间的联系)来影响的。我们得出的结论是,除草食以外的其他相互作用(例如授粉)可能会通过间接作用和代谢折衷而影响草食动物诱导的可塑性,从而有助于植物的性状进化。与具有手工授粉的植物相比,在防御性和花卉性状上显示出草食动物诱导的可塑性非常相似的模式,并且具有较高的可塑性响应。这种模式支持以下假设:蜜蜂授粉影响了草食动物诱导的可塑性的演变,很可能是通过间接作用(例如防御性和花性之间的联系)来影响的。我们得出的结论是,除草食以外的其他相互作用(例如授粉)可能会通过间接作用和代谢折衷而影响草食动物诱导的可塑性,从而有助于植物的性状进化。与具有手工授粉的植物相比,在防御性和花卉性状上显示出草食动物诱导的可塑性非常相似的模式,并且具有较高的可塑性响应。这种模式支持以下假设:蜜蜂授粉影响了草食动物诱导的可塑性的演变,很可能是通过间接作用(例如防御性和花性之间的联系)来影响的。我们得出的结论是,除草食以外的其他相互作用(例如授粉)可能会通过间接作用和代谢折衷而影响草食动物诱导的可塑性,从而有助于植物的性状进化。例如防御性和花卉性状之间的联系。我们得出的结论是,除草食以外的其他相互作用(例如授粉)可能会通过间接作用和代谢折衷而影响草食动物诱导的可塑性,从而有助于植物的性状进化。例如防御性和花卉性状之间的联系。我们得出的结论是,除草食以外的其他相互作用(例如授粉)可能会通过间接作用和代谢折衷而影响草食动物诱导的可塑性,从而有助于植物的性状进化。
更新日期:2020-12-07
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